Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists

Practical Statistics for Geographers and Earth Scientists......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 15
Glossary......Page 17
Section 1: First principles......Page 27
1: What’s in a number?......Page 29
1.1 Introduction to quantitative analysis......Page 30
1.2 Nature of numerical data......Page 35
1.3 Simplifying mathematical notation......Page 40
1.4 Introduction to case studies and structure of the book......Page 45
2.1 Geographical data......Page 47
2.2 Populations and samples......Page 48
2.3 Specifying attributes and variables......Page 69
3: Geographical data: collection and acquisition......Page 83
3.1 Originating data......Page 84
3.2 Collection methods......Page 85
3.3 Locating phenomena in geographical space......Page 113
4.1 Descriptive statistics......Page 119
4.2 Spatial descriptive statistics......Page 122
4.3 Central tendency......Page 126
4.4 Dispersion......Page 144
4.5 Measures of skewness and kurtosis for nonspatial data......Page 150
4.6 Closing comments......Page 155
5: Frequency distributions, probability and hypotheses......Page 157
5.1 Frequency distributions......Page 158
5.2 Bivariate and multivariate frequency distributions......Page 163
5.3 Estimation of statistics from frequency distributions......Page 171
5.4 Probability......Page 175
5.5 Inference and hypotheses......Page 191
5.6 Connecting summary measures, frequency distributions and probability......Page 195
Section 2: Testing times......Page 205
6: Parametric tests......Page 207
6.1 Introduction to parametric tests......Page 208
6.2 One variable and one sample......Page 209
6.3 Two samples and one variable......Page 233
6.4 Three or more samples and one variable......Page 242
6.5 Confidence intervals......Page 248
6.6 Closing comments......Page 251
7: Nonparametric tests......Page 253
7.1 Introduction to nonparametric tests......Page 254
7.2 One variable and one sample......Page 255
7.3 Two samples and one (or more) variable(s)......Page 277
7.4 Multiple samples and/or multiple variables......Page 288
7.5 Closing comments......Page 296
Section 3: Forming relationships......Page 297
8: Correlation......Page 299
8.1 Nature of relationships between variables......Page 300
8.2 Correlation techniques......Page 307
8.3 Concluding remarks......Page 330
9: Regression......Page 331
9.1 Specification of linear relationships......Page 332
9.2 Bivariate regression......Page 334
9.3 Concluding remarks......Page 368
10: Correlation and regression of spatial data......Page 373
10.1 Issues with correlation and regression of spatial data......Page 374
10.2 Spatial and temporal autocorrelation......Page 377
10.3 Trend surface analysis......Page 410
10.4 Concluding remarks......Page 426
References......Page 429
Further Reading......Page 431
Index......Page 435
Statistical Analysis Planner and Checklist......Page 199