Practical software estimation: function point methods for insourced and outsourced projects

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 8
List of Figures......Page 18
List of Tables......Page 20
Foreword......Page 26
Preface......Page 28
Acknowledgments......Page 34
 What Is Software Estimation?......Page 36
  Work Environment......Page 41
  Usage of Tools......Page 42
 Software Project Estimation......Page 43
  Project Scope......Page 44
  Software Environment......Page 45
  Software Development Tools......Page 46
 Continuous Improvement Cycle......Page 47
 Why Software Estimation?......Page 50
  Metrics—Past, Present, and Future......Page 51
  Importance of Estimation......Page 53
 Estimation—Who and How......Page 54
 Conclusion......Page 56
 References......Page 57
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 58
 Software Projects and Estimation......Page 60
  Project Budget Approval Phase......Page 61
  Project Contract Phase......Page 62
  Project Execution Phase......Page 63
 Estimation and Measurement......Page 66
  Estimation and Measurement Complexities......Page 67
  Modularized Estimation......Page 69
  Case Study—Modularized Estimation......Page 72
 Large Application Systems......Page 75
  Heterogeneous Portfolio of Application Systems......Page 76
 Conclusion......Page 77
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 78
 Why Estimation?......Page 80
  What Is an Estimation Method?......Page 81
  What Is a Function Point?......Page 82
  Function Point as a Measuring Yardstick......Page 84
  Uses and Benefits of Function Points......Page 85
 Function Point Analysis......Page 86
  FPA—Objectives......Page 88
  The FPA Model......Page 90
  The FPA Process......Page 92
 Conclusion......Page 105
 References......Page 107
 Introduction......Page 108
  A Data File Example......Page 109
 Data Functions Defined by IFPUG......Page 110
  ILFs and EIFs......Page 111
  Embedded Terms......Page 112
  Rules for Identification of ILFs and EIFs......Page 115
  Determining Complexity of ILFs and EIFs......Page 116
  Complexity and FP Count Contributions......Page 121
  Tips to Remember......Page 123
  Identifying ILF/EIF: User View versus Developer View......Page 130
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 131
 Introduction......Page 132
 Definition of Transactions......Page 133
  Ingredients of a Transaction......Page 135
 Transactional Functions Defined by IFPUG......Page 137
  External Inquiry......Page 139
  Embedded Terms......Page 140
  Rules for Identification of EI, EO, and EQ......Page 142
  External Inputs......Page 146
  Step-by-Step FP Contribution Calculation Process......Page 147
  CRUD Transactions......Page 150
 Invoice System—FP Counting Process......Page 151
 Conclusion......Page 153
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 154
 Introduction......Page 156
  Functional Requirements......Page 157
 Introduction to General System Characteristics......Page 158
 Guidelines for General System Characteristics......Page 160
  GSC-2: Distributed Data Processing......Page 161
  GSC-4: Heavily Used Configuration......Page 162
  GSC-6: Online Data Entry......Page 164
  GSC-7: End-User Efficiency......Page 165
  GSC-9: Complex Processing......Page 166
  GSC-10: Reusability......Page 167
  GSC-12: Operational Ease......Page 169
  GSC-14: Facilitate Change......Page 170
 GSC and NFR......Page 172
  Tiers......Page 174
  ISO/IEC 14143-1: Definition of User Requirements......Page 175
  From the Dinosaur Era to the Jet Age......Page 176
  The Relationship among GSC, NFR, and Technology Platform......Page 178
  Case Study......Page 180
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 182
  Key Inputs to Software Sizing......Page 184
  Differentiate Functions from Production Effort/Costs......Page 185
  Function Point Analysis Method......Page 187
  Size—The Differentiator......Page 189
 Inputs to Sizing......Page 190
  Source of Inputs......Page 191
  Accuracy of Requirements......Page 192
  Role of Size in the Software Development Lifecycle......Page 193
  Productivity Drivers......Page 194
  Software Development Environment......Page 195
  Productivity Measurement......Page 196
  Productivity......Page 197
 Effort and Schedule......Page 198
  Deriving Effort......Page 199
  Resource Loading......Page 200
 Conclusion......Page 202
 References......Page 203
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 204
 Change Forever......Page 206
  Functional Decomposition of Modules......Page 208
  Case Study—Invoicing Application......Page 209
  Development—Function Point Analysis Method......Page 211
 Reengineering Projects......Page 212
  Reengineering—Function Point Analysis Method......Page 214
 Migration Projects......Page 217
 Maintenance Projects......Page 218
  Request for Service......Page 219
  Estimating Maintenance Requests—Function Point Analysis......Page 220
  Case Study—Maintenance Request......Page 221
  Complexity in Estimation of Request for Service......Page 223
 References......Page 227
 On the Right Track, On Time......Page 228
 Pervasive Estimations......Page 231
  The Rippling Effect......Page 232
 Agile Software Projects......Page 234
  Case Study......Page 237
 Estimation Maturity......Page 243
  Mentor and Monitor Estimation Methods......Page 245
 Conclusion......Page 246
 References......Page 247
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 248
  Setting the Context......Page 250
  Estimate Invisible Overheads......Page 251
  Tip 1: Project Team Size......Page 252
  Tip 2: Lifecycle Model......Page 253
  Tip 5: Proof-of-Concept......Page 255
  Trick 1: Manipulating Project Costs......Page 256
  Trick 2: The Balancing Effect......Page 257
  Trick 3: User versus Developer View......Page 258
  Trick 4: Accuracy of Inputs to Estimation......Page 259
  Trap 1: Estimation Tools......Page 260
  Trap 3: GSC—The Killer......Page 261
  Trap 4: Application Size and Delivery Schedule......Page 263
  Trap 5: Caution while Counting FP of Existing Applications......Page 264
 Conclusion......Page 265
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 266
 Introduction......Page 268
  The Insourcing IT Organization......Page 269
  The Outsourcing IT Organization......Page 271
  Insourcing Estimation......Page 274
  Outsourcing Estimation......Page 275
 Insourcing versus Outsourcing: Pros and Cons......Page 277
 Reference......Page 282
 Introduction......Page 284
  The Fixed Price Contract......Page 285
  The Time and Material Contract......Page 287
  The Flexible Contract......Page 290
 Project Execution Methods......Page 292
 References......Page 298
  Ingredients of Project Costs......Page 300
  Requirements Phase......Page 301
  Design Phase......Page 303
  Build and Test Phase......Page 304
  Lifecycle Model......Page 305
  Develop a Cost Matrix......Page 306
 Estimation and TCO......Page 307
 Conclusion......Page 309
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 310
 Estimation Methods......Page 312
  Estimation Approaches......Page 313
  Top-Down Estimation Approach......Page 314
  The Bottom-Up Approach......Page 318
 Parametric Approach......Page 320
  COCOMO II Model......Page 321
  COSMIC-FFP Method......Page 323
 Estimation Models Pros and Cons......Page 326
 References......Page 329
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 330
 Why Use Tools?......Page 332
  Ingredients of a Good Estimation Tool......Page 333
  Deploying Estimation Tools in IT Organizations......Page 335
 List of Tools......Page 337
 Conclusion......Page 340
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 341
  Basic Assumptions......Page 342
  Step-by-Step FP Counting Process (Development Projects)......Page 344
 Case Study: 1—Invoicing System......Page 347
  Invoice Module......Page 350
  Step-by-Step FP Counting Process (Enhancement Projects)......Page 385
  Assessing the Impact of Enhancing the Invoice Application......Page 387
 Other Interesting Reading Material......Page 394
 Reference Table to Calculate ILF/EIF FP Count......Page 396
 Reference Table to Calculate Total FP Count......Page 397
 Reference Table to Calculate VAF from GSC—Total Degree of Influence......Page 398
 Internal Logical Files and External Interface Files......Page 400
 External Inputs/External Outputs/External Inquiries......Page 401
Bibliography......Page 404
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