Practical Plumbing Engineering

Front Matter......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 4
1.2 Waterborne Contaminants......Page 7
1.3.1 Filtration......Page 8
1.3.3 Deionization......Page 12
1.3.4 Adsorption......Page 14
1.3.5 Distillation......Page 15
1.3.6 Membrane Separation......Page 16
1.4.1 Chemical Disinfectants......Page 18
1.4.2 Nonchemical Processes......Page 19
1.5 Monitoring a Water Supply System......Page 20
References......Page 22
2.2.1 Excessive Pressure......Page 23
2.2.2 Demand at Individual Water Outlets......Page 24
2.2.3 Flow Control for Conservation of Water and Energy......Page 25
2.3.1 Load Values WSFUs Assigned to Fixtures......Page 26
2.4 Estimated Water Supply Demand Load......Page 28
3.1 Introduction......Page 31
3.2.1 Upfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone......Page 32
3.2.2 Upfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones......Page 33
3.3.1 Upfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones......Page 34
3.3.2 Combination Upfeed/Downfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones......Page 36
3.4.1 Gravity Tanks......Page 37
3.5 Circulation-Type Hot-Water Distribution Systems......Page 38
3.5.2 Upfeed/Downfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone......Page 40
3.5.3 Upfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone......Page 41
3.5.4 Downfeed Systems; Single Pressure Zone......Page 42
3.5.5 Combination Upfeed/Downfeed Systems; Single-Zone System......Page 43
3.5.7 Downfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones......Page 44
3.5.8 Combination Downfeed/Downfeed Systems; Multiple Pressure Zones......Page 45
3.6 Noncirculating Hot-Water Systems......Page 47
4.1 Introduction......Page 49
4.3 Elevated-Water-Tank System......Page 50
4.3.1 Wood Gravity Tanks......Page 53
4.3.3 Required Capacity of the Gravity Tank......Page 54
4.3.5 Controls......Page 55
4.3.6 Alarms and Safety Devices......Page 56
4.3.8 Disadvantages of the Elevated-Water-Tank System......Page 57
4.4 Booster Pump System......Page 58
4.4.1 Booster Pumps......Page 59
4.4.4 Variable-Speed Control......Page 60
4.4.8 Disadvantages of the Booster Pump System......Page 61
4.4.10 System Selection......Page 62
4.5 Hydropneumatic Tank Systems......Page 63
4.5.2 Fill Pumps......Page 64
4.5.5 Alarms and Safety Devices......Page 65
4.6.1 Water-Pressure-Regulating Valves......Page 66
4.6.2 Selecting a Pressure-Regulating Valve......Page 67
4.6.3 Selection Procedure......Page 68
References......Page 69
5.2 Standard Code Regulations......Page 70
5.2.2 Plumbing Fittings and Trim......Page 71
5.3 Water Closets and Urinals......Page 72
5.4 Flush Tanks, Flush Valves, and Flushometers......Page 73
5.5.3 Showers......Page 75
5.7 Drinking Fountains......Page 76
5.9 Floor Drains......Page 77
5.10 Fixture Overflows and Strainers......Page 78
5.12 Special-Use Fixtures......Page 79
5.13 Fixture Installation......Page 80
5.14 Fixture Traps......Page 81
5.15 Vapor Relief Vents and Local Vents for Fixtures......Page 83
5.16 Plumbing Appliances and Their Vibration Isolation......Page 85
References......Page 87
6.1 Introduction......Page 88
6.2.2 Single-Suction vs. Double-Suction Configuration......Page 89
6.2.4 Casing Design......Page 90
6.2.5 Type of Connection between Motor and Pump......Page 91
6.3.1 Materials......Page 92
6.4.2 Total Head......Page 93
6.4.3 Input Power......Page 94
6.4.5 Efficiency......Page 95
6.4.8 System Head Curve......Page 96
6.4.9 Pump Efficiency......Page 98
6.5.2 Pumps for Circulating Hot and Cold Water......Page 99
6.5.4 Sewage Service and Sump Pumps......Page 100
6.5.6 Centrifugal Pump Operation......Page 101
References......Page 102
7.2 Design for Minimum Available Pressure......Page 103
7.3.3 Developed Length of System......Page 104
7.3.7 Provision of Necessary Information on Plans......Page 105
7.4.2 Friction Loss in Equipment......Page 106
7.4.5 Basic Design Circuit......Page 107
7.4.6 Equivalent Length of Piping......Page 108
7.5.3 Manufacturers' Recommendations for Avoiding Erosion-Corrosion......Page 109
7.6.1 Simplified Method Based on Velocity Limitation......Page 110
7.6.2 Step-by-Step Procedure, Simplified Sizing Method......Page 111
7.7.2 Solution......Page 118
7.8 Sizing Tables Based on Velocity Limitation......Page 120
7.9.2 For Galvanized Iron and Steel Pipe......Page 121
7.9.3 For Plastic Pipe PE, ABS, and PVC......Page 122
7.10 Detailed Method for Sizing Systems in Buildings of Any Height......Page 123
7.11.1 Problem......Page 130
7.11.2 Solution......Page 134
8.2 Types and Characteristics of Piping Insulation......Page 142
8.4 Selection of Type of Piping Insulation......Page 145
8.5.1 Critical Insulation Thickness......Page 146
8.5.2 Economic Thickness and Energy Considerations......Page 147
8.6 Condensation and its Control......Page 149
8.8 Protection against Freezing......Page 152
8.9 Personnel Protection......Page 154
8.10 Piping Insulation Jackets......Page 157
8.11.2 Noise Reduction of Sound Radiated by Piping......Page 160
8.13 Installation of Piping Insulation......Page 163
References......Page 165
9.2.1 Earthquake Magnitude......Page 167
9.2.3 Design Response Spectrum......Page 168
9.3 Damage to Water Distribution Systems in Earthquakes......Page 170
9.4 Recommendations for Installation of Water Distribution Systems......Page 171
9.5 Methods of Providing Seismic Protection of Piping......Page 172
9.6 Codes and Regulations for Mechanical and Electrical Equipment......Page 173
9.6.1 General Requirements......Page 174
9.6.2 Electrical Drawings......Page 175
9.6.3 Mechanical Drawings......Page 179
References......Page 180
10.2 Specification Writing......Page 182
10.2.1 Specification Language......Page 183
10.3.1 Contract Forms......Page 184
10.3.3 Speciffications......Page 186
10.3.4 Drawings......Page 187
10.3.6 Contract Modifications......Page 188
10.5 Master Specifications......Page 189
10.5.3 SPECSystem_TM......Page 190
References......Page 191
Appendix 10.1 Example of the Use of Specsystem_TM......Page 192
Appendix 10.2 Section 15415 - Water Distribution System......Page 203
11.2 Selection of Type of Piping to be Installed......Page 209
11.2.2 Copper Piping Materials......Page 210
11.2.3 Brass Piping Materials......Page 213
11.2.4 Plastic Piping Materials......Page 214
11.3.1 Steel Piping Materials......Page 215
11.3.2 Copper Piping Materials......Page 216
11.3.3 Plastic Piping Materials......Page 222
11.3.4 Ductile-Iron Piping......Page 225
11.4 Anchors......Page 227
11.5.1 Types of Hangers......Page 228
11.5.3 Hanger Spacing and Location......Page 229
11.6 Sleeves......Page 230
11.7.1 Developed Length Required in an Expansion Loop......Page 232
11.8 Water Hammer......Page 233
11.9.3 Globe Valves......Page 235
11.9.5 Ball Valves......Page 236
11.9.6 Butterfly Valves......Page 237
11.9.8 Valve Installation......Page 238
11.10.1 Trenching, Filling, and Installation......Page 239
References......Page 240
12.2 Testing of Water Supply Systems......Page 241
12.2.1 Testing the Rough Piping Installation......Page 242
12.2.2 Testing the Complete Plumbing System......Page 243
12.3 Disinfecting the Potable Water Supply Systems in Buildings......Page 244
12.4.1 Water Test......Page 245
12.4.3 Testing Complete Drainage and Vent Systems......Page 247
References......Page 248
13.2 Backflow......Page 249
13.2.2 Backflow due to Back Siphonage......Page 250
13.3.1 Inlet-Type Cross-Connections......Page 251
13.4 Backflow Preventers......Page 253
13.4.2 Double-Check-Valve Assembly......Page 254
13.4.3 Reduced-Pressure-Principle Backflow Preventer......Page 255
13.4.4 Pressure-Type Vacuum Breaker......Page 258
13.4.5 Atmospheric-Type Vacuum Breaker......Page 259
13.5 System Protection......Page 260
13.5.1 Fire Sprinkler Systems......Page 261
13.6 Protection of a Water Distribution System within a Building......Page 262
Reference......Page 264
14.2.1 Fuels Used in Water Heaters......Page 265
14.2.2 Direct-Fired Water Heaters......Page 266
14.2.3 Indirect Water Heaters......Page 267
14.2.4 Solar Water Heaters......Page 271
14.3 Circulation-Type Hot-Water Supply Systems......Page 273
14.4.2 Safety Devices......Page 274
14.4.3 Pressure Gages......Page 275
14.4.8 Operating Controls......Page 276
14.4.10 Auxiliary Equipment......Page 277
14.5 Waste-Heat-Recovery Hot-Water Systems......Page 278
14.7.1 Available Water Pressure......Page 279
14.7.4 Acceptable Temperature of Hot Water......Page 280
14.8.1 Estimating the Demand in a Hot-Water System......Page 281
14.8.2 Heating Capacity Recovery Capacity of a Water Heater......Page 283
14.8.4 Usable Storage Tank Capacity......Page 284
14.9 Estimating Demand for Instantaneous and Semi-Instantaneous Water Heaters......Page 286
14.10 Dual-Temperature Systems......Page 287
14.11 Mixing Hot and Cold Water to Obtain an Intermediate Temperature......Page 289
14.12 Procedure for Designing a Hot-Water Supply System......Page 290
References......Page 293
15.2 Components of a Fire Suppression System......Page 294
15.3.2 Codes and Ordinances......Page 295
15.5.1 Wet-Pipe Sprinkler Systems......Page 296
15.5.3 Deluge Sprinkler Systems......Page 297
15.5.5 Antifreeze Sprinkler Systems......Page 298
15.5.7 Exposure Protection Systems......Page 299
15.6.1 Methods of Hazard Classification......Page 300
15.7.3 Combined Fire Sprinkler-Standpipe Systems......Page 302
15.9.1 Alarms......Page 303
15.9.4 Fire Department Sprinkler Connections......Page 304
15.9.5 Hose Connections......Page 305
15.9.6 Supervisory Devices......Page 306
15.10.2 Fire Hose and Fire Hose Racks......Page 307
15.10.3 Combined Fire Sprinkler-Standpipe Systems......Page 308
15.11.1 Types of Sprinklers......Page 309
15.11.2 Extent of Coverage......Page 312
15.11.3 Temperature Ratings......Page 313
15.12.1 Number of Risers......Page 314
15.13.2 Pipe Sizing......Page 315
15.13.4 Earthquake Protection......Page 317
15.14.2 Pipe Sizing......Page 318
15.15.1 Fire Sprinkler Systems......Page 319
15.16.1 Municipal Supplies......Page 320
15.16.3 Water Tanks......Page 321
Appendix 15.1 Standard Fire Protection Symbols for Architectural and Engineering Drawings......Page 323
16.1 Introduction......Page 327
16.2.1 Gravity Flow in Sloping Drains......Page 328
16.2.3 Gravity Flow in Vertical Drains......Page 332
16.2.4 Hydraulic Jump at Base of Vertical Drains......Page 334
16.2.5 Quantity Rate of Flow in Fixture Drains......Page 335
16.3.1 Fixture Drains......Page 336
16.3.3 Design Load for Sanitary Drainage System......Page 337
16.3.5 Sanitary Building Drains......Page 340
16.3.6 Combined Storm and Sanitary Building Drains......Page 341
16.4 Practical Considerations in the Design of Drainage Systems......Page 342
16.4.2 Fixture and Equipment Connections to Sanitary Drainage System......Page 343
16.4.3 Objectionable Wastes......Page 345
16.4.5 Backwater Valves......Page 347
16.4.6 Building Traps and Fresh-Air Inlets......Page 348
16.4.8 Branch Connections to Drainage Stack Offsets......Page 351
16.4.9 Piping Installation......Page 352
16.4.10 Expansion and Contraction of Piping......Page 355
16.4.12 Combination Waste and Vent System......Page 357
16.4.14 Special Wastes......Page 358
16.4.15 Storm-Water Disposal......Page 359
16.4.16 Subsoil Drainage......Page 360
17.1 Introduction......Page 361
17.2 Terminology......Page 362
17.2.1 Drainage Stack Vent Extensions and Vent Stacks......Page 365
17.2.2 Air-Pressure Relief Vents......Page 367
17.2.3 Suds-Pressure Zones and Suds-Pressure Relief Vents......Page 368
17.2.5 Fixture-Trap Vents......Page 373
17.2.6 Wet Venting......Page 376
17.2.7 Stack Venting......Page 378
17.3 Sovent System......Page 380
17.4.1 Physical Properties of Air......Page 385
17.4.2 Equivalent Static Head of Water, Air, and Suds......Page 387
17.4.4 Pneumatic Effects in and Venting Design Criterion for Sanitary Drainage Systems......Page 388
17.4.5 Quantity Rate of Flow from Outlets......Page 389
17.4.6 Pressure Loss due to Friction in Piping......Page 391
17.4.8 Permissible Length of Vent Piping......Page 392
17.4.10 Value of Coefficient of Friction f......Page 394
17.4.11 Quantity Rate of Flow in Vent Stacks......Page 395
17.4.12 Quantity Rate of Flow in Individual Vents......Page 397
17.4.13 Quantity Rate of Flow in Branch Vents and Vent Headers......Page 398
17.5.1 Vent Stacks......Page 399
17.5.2 Vent Extensions and Terminals of Stacks......Page 400
17.5.4 Individual Vents......Page 401
17.5.5 Branch-Vent Drops to Lower Floors......Page 402
17.5.6 Branch Vents......Page 404
17.5.9 Suds-Pressure Relief Vents......Page 405
17.5.10 Vents for Building Sewage Sumps and Receiving Tanks......Page 406
18.2 Guide to Component Selection......Page 407
18.3.2 Acid-Resistant Cast-Iron Pipe AR......Page 408
18.3.5 Copper Tube, Type DWV......Page 409
18.4 Plastic Pipe......Page 410
18.4.4 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ABS Pipe......Page 411
18.6 Fittings in Drainage Systems......Page 412
18.6.1 Fitting Materials......Page 413
18.7.1 Caulked Joints......Page 414
18.7.2 Compression Couplings......Page 415
18.7.3 Screwed Joints......Page 416
18.7.4 Soldered Joints......Page 417
18.7.5 Gasketed Joints......Page 418
18.7.7 Heat-Fusion Joints......Page 419
18.7.9 Grooved Joints......Page 420
18.8 Cleanouts......Page 422
18.9 Drains......Page 424
18.9.1 Drain Components......Page 425
18.10.1 Grease Interceptors Grease Traps......Page 427
18.10.2 Oil Interceptor......Page 428
18.10.5 Acid Neutralizers......Page 429
18.11 Traps......Page 431
18.12 Valves......Page 432
References......Page 433
19.2 Roof Drainage Systems......Page 434
19.2.1 Conventional Roof Drainage Systems......Page 435
19.3.1 Conventional Roof Drainage Systems......Page 436
19.3.2 Controlled-Flow Roof Drainage Systems......Page 442
19.4 Storm-Water Runoff......Page 443
19.4.1 Estimating Storm-Water Runoff......Page 444
19.4.2 Exceedance Probability......Page 447
19.5.1 Solution......Page 451
19.6.1 Inlet Location......Page 452
References......Page 453
20.2.1 Turbulence......Page 455
20.2.2 Cavitation......Page 457
20.2.6 Plumbing Components/Equipment and Their Noise-Generation Mechanisms......Page 459
20.3.1 Control of Noise from Water Flow in Piping......Page 460
20.3.2 Control of Noise Radiation from Piping......Page 461
20.3.4 Water-Hammer Noise Control......Page 468
References......Page 470
A......Page 471
B......Page 472
C......Page 474
D......Page 477
E......Page 480
F......Page 481
G......Page 485
H......Page 486
I......Page 488
J......Page 489
L......Page 490
M......Page 491
O......Page 492
P......Page 493
R......Page 499
S......Page 500
T......Page 505
U......Page 506
V......Page 507
W......Page 509
Z......Page 513