Practical Handbook of Spectroscopy

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 7
SECTION 1: X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY......Page 14
  I Characteristic X-Ray Emission Lines......Page 16
   References......Page 35
  Il. Characteristic X-Ray Absorption Edges......Page 36
   References......Page 40
  Ill. Mass Attenuation and Absorption Cross Sections for 94 Elements; 0.1 keY to l MeV......Page 41
  IV. Approximate Jump Factors for K and L Absorption Edges......Page 168
  V. Schematic Energy Level Diagram Showing the X-Ray Lines......Page 169
  VI. Crystals and Multilayer Langmuir-Blodgett Films Used as Analyzers in Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers......Page 170
  Vll. Cross Sections for Ionization of K- and L-Shells by Electrons......Page 180
  VIII. Electron Range and Electron Stopping Power......Page 181
SECTION 2: ESCA - PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY......Page 188
 ESCA - Photoelectron Spectroscopy......Page 190
  References......Page 429
SECTION 3: ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY......Page 432
  I. Oscillator Strengths (f-Values) of Interest in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 434
  II. Doppler Half-Widths of Atomic Spectral Lines (Table 2)......Page 435
  lll. Ionization Potentials of the Elements, i.e. , the Energy Required for the Process M → M+ + e -......Page 436
  IV. Dissociation Energies of Diatomic Oxide Molecules......Page 437
  VI. Efficiences of Atomization of Metals in Flames......Page 438
   References......Page 439
  VII. Measured Degrees of Ionization of Metals in Flames......Page 440
SECTION 4: EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 448
  I. Comparison of Some Experimentally Determined Emission-Spectroscopic Detection Limits......Page 450
  II. Reported Relative Detection Limits for Arc Excitation......Page 451
  lll. Relative Detection Limits for Spark Excitation of Solids......Page 453
  IV. Detection Limits for Liquid Samples (μg/ml)......Page 455
  V. Detection Limits for Micro or Residue Samples (ng)......Page 457
  VI. Detection Limits with the Laser Microprobe (μg/g)......Page 459
   References......Page 460
  VIII. Sensitive Lines for Use in Atomic Emission Spectrometry......Page 461
  IX. Wavelengths Commonly Recommended for Use in Plasma Emission......Page 473
  X. Prominent Lines Used in Plasma Emission......Page 475
  XI. Comparison of Detection Limits for AES, AAS, and AFS......Page 482
  Xll . Wavelength Used in Flame Emission......Page 485
  XIII. Sensitivity Results Obtained with Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flames......Page 487
  XIV. Results Obtained with Shielded Burners......Page 488
  XV. Relative Sensitivities Detection Limits......Page 489
SECTION 5: INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY......Page 492
   Properties of Common Window Materials......Page 494
   Properties of Common Solvents......Page 508
   Spectra of Common Solvents......Page 509
  ll. Calibration: Secondary Standards for Wavelengths......Page 522
   The Coblentz Society Specifications for the Evaluation of Infrared Reference Spectra: Class ll Spectra......Page 525
   Class Ill Spectra......Page 528
   Theoretical Transmittance of Mylar Beamsplitter Foils......Page 531
   Common Spurious Absorption Bands and Their Origin......Page 532
   Wavelength-to-Wavenumber Conversion Tables and Refractive Index of Standard Air, 2-20 μm......Page 533
   Numbering of Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies in Molecules......Page 536
   Infrared Correlation Charts and Tables......Page 537
   Correlation Chart of Infrared Group Frequencies......Page 542
   To Minimize Errors in Quantitative Analysis......Page 547
   Measurement of Absorbance......Page 548
SECTION 6: RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 550
   Monochromator Parameters......Page 552
   Spectrometer Calibration......Page 555
   Intensity Dependencies......Page 556
   Conventional Solid and Liquid Phase Geometry......Page 560
   Special Geometries......Page 562
  V. Representative Raman Spectra......Page 563
   Recommendation for the Presentation of Raman Spectra for Cataloging and Documentation in Permanent Data Collections......Page 569
   References......Page 575
SECTION 7: ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 576
  I. Ultraviolet: Spectral Data Index......Page 578
SECTION 8: ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE......Page 660
  I. Introduction......Page 662
  ll. Physical Constants and Conversion Factors......Page 663
   Sensitivity......Page 666
   Resonance Cavities......Page 668
   Crystal Fields......Page 674
   Zero Field Splittings......Page 675
   Quadrupole Interaction......Page 680
  V. Transition Ions......Page 681
  VI. Free Radicals......Page 688
   Modified Bloch Equations......Page 690
   Relaxation in Solids......Page 691
   Saturation Method of Measuring Relaxation Times......Page 692
   Pulse Techniques and Spin Echos......Page 695
   Lorentzian and Gaussian Lineshapes......Page 698
   Anisotropic g-Factor and Hyperfme Tensors......Page 701
   Inhomogeneous Lines......Page 702
  IX. Electron Nuclear Double Resonance......Page 704
  References......Page 706
SECTION 9: MASS PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS......Page 712
  Introduction......Page 714
SECTION 10: APPEARANCE POTENTIAL SPECTROSCOPY......Page 792
  Introduction......Page 794
  Introduction to Table of Atomic Energy Levels......Page 795
  References......Page 806
SECTION 11: THERMAL NEUTRON CROSS SECTIONS AND RESONANCE INTEGRALS FOR ACTIVATION ANALYSIS......Page 808
  References......Page 810
SECTION 12: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE AND COSTER-KRONIG YIELDS FOR THE K-, L-, AND M-SHELLS......Page 840
  Introduction......Page 842
  Description in Terms of the Primary Vacancy Distributions (Nix)......Page 843
  Transformation Equations Relating the Two Descriptions......Page 844
  References......Page 856
SECTION 13: 14 MeV NEUTRON ACTIVATION CROSS-SECTIONS......Page 858
  Introduction......Page 860
  Activation Cross-Section Data......Page 861
  References......Page 880
SECTION 14: WAVELENGTH STANDARDS IN VISIBLE, ULTRAVIOLET, AND NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY......Page 882
  Vacuum-Ultraviolet Standards......Page 884
  Interconversion of Wavelengths Measured in Air and in Vacuum......Page 891
  References......Page 894
SECTION 15: WAVELENGTH-DEPENDENT AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEM OSCILLATOR STRENGTHS FOR FREE DIATOMIC MOLECULES OF ASTROPHYSICAL IMPORTANCE......Page 896
  Nomenclature and Symbols......Page 898
  Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy......Page 899
  Lifetime Measurements......Page 900
  Building-Up Concepts......Page 901
  Factoring the Transition Moment......Page 903
  Re and fel (λ) as Functions of Wavelength......Page 904
  Still More Notation and fvv......Page 905
  Relations Between Band and Band-System Oscillator Strengths......Page 906
  Acknowledgments......Page 907
  References......Page 910
Index......Page 914