Practical Geochemistry

Preface
Note to the Instructor
Contents
1 The Elements
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Formation of the Elements, or Nucleosynthesis
	1.3	 Characteristics of the Elements
	1.4	 Geochemical Classifications of the Elements
		1.4.1	 Classification by Abundance
		1.4.2	 Classification by the Presence in a Reservoir
	1.5	 Isotopes
		1.5.1	 Definition of Isotope
		1.5.2	 Isotopic Fractionation
		1.5.3	 Radioactive Disintegration
	1.6	 Behaviour of Elements in the Geological Environment
		1.6.1	 Mobility
		1.6.2	 Compatibility
		1.6.3	 Substitutions
	1.7	 Summary
	Anchor 17
	References
2 Analytical Methodology and Data Treatment
	2.1  Sampling
		2.1.1  Purpose of Sampling
		2.1.2  Representativity of Sampling
		2.1.3  Sampling Scheme
		2.1.4  Quality Control
		2.1.5  Size of Sample
		2.1.6  Types of Samples
		2.1.7  Taking Care of Samples
	2.2  Sample Treatment
		2.2.1  Sample Preparation
		2.2.2  Dissolution
	2.3  Most Common Analytical Methods
		2.3.1  Atomic Spectroscopy
		2.3.2  Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
		2.3.3  Portable XRF
	2.4  Measuring Isotopes
		2.4.1  Mass Spectrometer
	2.5  Microbeam Analyses
		2.5.1  Electron Microprobe
		2.5.2  Laser Ablation
		2.5.3  Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
	2.6  Data Treatment and Presentation
		2.6.1  Purpose of Data Treatment
		2.6.2  Single Variable
		2.6.3  Anomaly
		2.6.4  Two Variables
		2.6.5  Multi-variate Analysis
	2.7  Summary
	Anchor 30
	References
3 Lithogeochemistry
	3.1  Introduction: Definition and Applications
	3.2  Whole Rock Classifications and Variability
		3.2.1  Classification Diagrams
		3.2.2  Classification Diagrams for Igneous Rocks
		3.2.3  Classification Diagrams for Sedimentary Rocks
	3.3  Variation Diagrams
	3.4  Discrimination Diagrams: Tectonic Setting and Mantle Reservoirs
		3.4.1  Tectonic Provenance
		3.4.2  Mantle Heterogeneity
		3.4.3  Magma Differentiation, Source of Sediments, and Degree of Alteration
		3.4.4  Magma Differentiation Through Partial Melting and Fractional Crystallization
		3.4.5  Rare Earth Elements as Proxy for Magma Differentiation
		3.4.6  Rare Earth Elements in Sedimentary Rocks
		3.4.7  Quantification of Hydrothermal Alteration
		3.4.8  Pearce Element Ratios
		3.4.9  Mixing Calculations
	3.5  Geochronology
		3.5.1  General Principles of Geochronology
		3.5.2  Radiogenic Product Retention and Closure Temperature
		3.5.3  Correction for Common Lead
		3.5.4  Concordia Diagram
	3.6  Summary
	Anchor 24
	References
4 Geochemical Exploration
	4.1  Introduction and General Principles
		4.1.1  Definition and Purpose of Geochemical Exploration
		4.1.2  The Concept of Source-Transport-Trap
		4.1.3  Anomaly
	4.2  Distribution and Dispersion of Elements and Formation of Surface Anomalies
		4.2.1  Geochemical Behaviour of the Elements
		4.2.2  Pathfinder Elements
		4.2.3  The Mobilization of Elements
		4.2.4  Formation of a Surface Anomaly
	4.3  Understanding the Formation and Evolution of a Mineral Deposit
		4.3.1  Fluids Involved in Deposit Formation
		4.3.2  Physical Conditions of Deposit Formation
		4.3.3  Chemical Conditions of Deposit Formation
		4.3.4  Processes Involved in Deposit Formation
		4.3.5  Geochronology in Metallogeny
	4.4  Detection of Surface Anomalies
		4.4.1  Quantification of Alteration
		4.4.2  Soil Sampling
		4.4.3  Sampling of Stream Sediments
		4.4.4  Sampling of Vegetation
		4.4.5  Sampling of Surface Waters
		4.4.6  Survey Design
	4.5  Isotopes in Exploration
	4.6  Data Interpretation: Spatial Geostatistics
		4.6.1  Summary Statistics
		4.6.2  Spatial Data Visualization
		4.6.3  Kriging
	4.7  Summary
	Anchor 30
	References
5 Environmental Geochemistry
	5.1  The Significance of Environmental Geochemistry
		5.1.1  The Anthroposphere
		5.1.2  Applications of Environmental Geochemistry
	5.2  Past Climate Change
		5.2.1  The Historic Compilation of Guy Callendar
		5.2.2  Climate Change Causes
		5.2.3  Records of Paleo-Temperatures
		5.2.4  Isotopes as Paleo-Temperature Proxies
	5.3  Tracing Industrial and Agricultural Pollution
		5.3.1  General Principles of Pollution Tracing
		5.3.2  Lead as Industrial Pollution Tracer
		5.3.3  Nitrogen and Water Pollution
	5.4  Environmental Biogeochemistry and Remediation
		5.4.1  Definition of Biogeochemistry
		5.4.2  Environmental Biogeochemistry and Remediation
		5.4.3  Adsorption and Remediation
	Anchor 18
	References
Epilogue
The Future of Geochemistry
Your Future Learning
Glossary
Index