Power System Restructuring and Deregulation: Trading, Performance and Information Technology

POWER SYSTEM RESTRUCTURING AND REGULATION: TRADING, PERFORMANCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 1
Half-title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgements......Page 22
Contributors......Page 24
1.1 Introduction......Page 32
1.2 Competitive Market for Generation......Page 33
1.3 The Advantages of Competitive Generation......Page 34
1.4 The Role of the Existing Power Industry......Page 35
1.4.1 Reconfiguring the Electricity System......Page 36
1.5 Electricity Demand Operation and Reliability......Page 37
1.5.2 Reliability Assessment......Page 38
1.5.3 Availability of Fuel......Page 40
1.6.1 Biomass......Page 43
1.6.2 Fuel Cell......Page 44
1.6.5 Solar......Page 45
1.7 Combined Heat and Power......Page 46
1.8 Energy Policy and Government Intervention......Page 47
1.9.1 Capital Costs for New Plants......Page 48
1.9.3 Environmental Considerations......Page 49
1.10 Distributed Generation......Page 51
1.10.1 Market Regulation......Page 52
1.10.2 The Power Pool......Page 53
1.10.4 Technical Issues......Page 56
1.10.6 Connection and Use of System Charges......Page 57
1.11.1 Introduction......Page 58
1.11.2 Circuit Connection and Principle......Page 59
1.11.3 Performance Analysis......Page 61
1.11.4 Solution Technique......Page 62
1.11.5 Results and Discussion......Page 63
1.11.6 Simplified Phase-balancing Scheme......Page 66
1.12.1 Introduction......Page 68
1.12.2 The Solar Power Plant......Page 69
1.12.3 Control Structure of the Plant......Page 70
1.12.4 GA Formulation......Page 71
8.4.7 Other Controllers......Page 0
1.13 Conclusions......Page 76
1.14 References......Page 77
2.1 Introduction......Page 81
2.3 Reform Motivations......Page 83
2.4.1 Central Dispatch Versus Market Solution......Page 84
2.5.1 Competition in the Energy Market......Page 85
2.5.2 Competition and Auction Mechanisms......Page 86
2.5.3 Direct Access/Wheeling......Page 88
2.6 Independent System Operator......Page 91
2.6.2 Risk Taking......Page 92
2.7 Retail Electric Providers......Page 94
2.8.1 England and Wales......Page 95
2.8.2 Norway......Page 99
2.8.3 California......Page 102
2.8.5 New Zealand......Page 103
2.8.6 The European Union and Germany......Page 104
2.9 References......Page 105
3.1 Introduction......Page 107
3.2 The Independent System Operator......Page 110
3.3 Wholesale Electricity Market Characteristics......Page 111
3.3.1 Small Test System......Page 112
3.3.2 Central Auction......Page 113
3.3.3 Bidding......Page 114
3.3.4 Market Clearing and Pricing......Page 115
3.3.6 Sequential and Simultaneous Markets......Page 117
3.3.7 Bilateral Trading......Page 120
3.3.8 Scheduling......Page 121
3.3.9 Gaming......Page 122
3.3.10 Ancillary Services......Page 124
3.3.11 Physical and Financial Markets......Page 125
3.4.1 Maximalist ISO......Page 127
3.4.2 Minimalist ISO Model......Page 128
3.5.1 Market Power Evaluation and Mitigation......Page 129
3.5.2 System Capacity......Page 130
3.5.3 Reliability......Page 131
3.7 References......Page 134
4.1 Introduction to the UK Environment......Page 141
4.2.2 The Responsibilities of Retail and Distribution......Page 142
4.2.4 Key Issues for Distribution Businesses......Page 143
4.2.6 Use of System Billing......Page 144
4.2.8 Competition in Metering......Page 145
4.2.9 Scope for Demand-side Management......Page 146
4.3.1 Regulatory Incentives......Page 147
4.3.3 Planning Drivers......Page 148
4.3.4 Long-term Planning......Page 153
4.3.5 Network Planning Tools......Page 155
4.3.8 Skills and Resources......Page 156
4.3.9 Network Design......Page 157
4.3.10 Distribution Automation......Page 158
4.3.11 Automation Case Study - Remote Control in London Electricity......Page 160
4.4 Future Development......Page 163
4.5.1 Introduction......Page 164
4.5.3 SCADA Master Station......Page 165
4.5.5 Operations and Maintenance (O&M)......Page 167
4.5.6 System Integration, Design and Management......Page 168
4.5.7 Communication Systems......Page 171
4.6 References......Page 182
5.1 Introduction......Page 184
5.2 Role of the TP......Page 186
5.2.1 Vertically Integrated Utility......Page 187
5.2.2 Three Models of the Electricity Market......Page 189
5.2.3 For-profit TP......Page 192
5.3 New Market Organisation......Page 194
5.3.1 Incentive Rate Design — Price-cap Regulation......Page 195
5.3.2 Priority Insurance Scheme......Page 198
5.3.3 Transmission Expansion......Page 200
5.4 Conclusions......Page 201
5.5 References......Page 202
6.1.1 The Traditional Power Industry......Page 203
6.1.2 Motivations for Restructuring the Power Industry......Page 204
6.1.3 Unbundling Generation, Transmission and Distribution......Page 205
6.2.4 Transmission Owners (TOs)......Page 206
6.3.1 PX Functions and Responsibilities......Page 207
6.3.2 California Power Exchange......Page 208
6.3.3 ISO Functions and Responsibilities......Page 209
6.3.4 Classification of ISO types......Page 210
6.4.1 The Pool......Page 214
6.4.2 Pool and Bilateral Trades......Page 215
6.4.3 Multilateral Trades......Page 216
6.5.1 Introduction......Page 217
6.5.3 Incremental (Marginal) Pricing Methods......Page 218
6.5.4 Embedded Cost Recovery......Page 220
6.5.5 Transmission Pricing Method in the NGC, UK......Page 222
6.6.2 Transmission Loss Compensation......Page 223
6.6.4 Ancillary Service Provision......Page 224
6.7.1 Congestion Management in Normal Operation......Page 226
6.7.2 Integrated Transmission Dispatch Strategy......Page 229
6.7.3 Illustration Using a Small Power System......Page 231
6.7.4 Static Security-constrained Rescheduling......Page 233
6.7.5 Dynamic Security-constrained Rescheduling......Page 236
6.8.1 Price Elasticity as a Means to Relieve Congestion......Page 240
6.8.2 Relieving Congestion by ISO Executed Price Signalling......Page 241
6.8.3 Coordination between Transactions......Page 242
6.8.4 Illustration of Transaction Coordination......Page 244
6.8.5 Integrated Coordination Procedure......Page 246
6.11 Appendix......Page 247
6.12 References......Page 248
7.1 Introduction......Page 251
7.2.2 Further Expansion of Power Networks......Page 253
7.2.3 Continuous Increase of Electricity Consumption......Page 255
7.3.1 The State Power Corporation......Page 256
7.3.2 Philosophy and Strategy of the SP......Page 262
7.4 Power Market in China......Page 263
7.4.1 Motivations for Reformation......Page 265
7.4.2 Reform Plan of the SP......Page 266
7.4.3 Obstacles in Establishing the Power Market in China......Page 267
7.5 Electricity Pricing......Page 268
7.5.1 Basic Theory of Predicting Electricity Costs......Page 269
7.5.2 Electricity Cost Derivation......Page 271
7.5.3 Electricity Pricing of Inter-provincial Power Market......Page 273
7.6 Transmission pricing......Page 277
7.6.1 Current Decomposition Axioms......Page 278
7.6.2 Mathematical Models......Page 280
7.6.3 Methodology of Graph Theory......Page 283
7.6.4 Algorithms and Case Studies......Page 284
7.8 Acknowledgements......Page 285
7.9 References......Page 286
8.1 Introduction......Page 289
8.1.1 Benefits of FACTS Technology......Page 290
8.2.1 System Stability......Page 291
8.2.5 High Short-circuit Level Limits......Page 292
8.3.1 Power Switching Devices and PWM Inverter......Page 293
8.3.2 Control Methods and DSP/Microprocessor Technology......Page 295
8.4.1 Fundamental Concepts of Transmission......Page 296
8.4.2 Shunt Controllers......Page 297
8.4.3 Series Controllers......Page 302
8.4.4 Combined Series/Shunt Controllers......Page 306
8.4.5 Phase Angle Controllers......Page 307
8.4.6 HVDC Transmission Controllers......Page 309
8.5.1 SVC......Page 312
8.5.3 TCSC......Page 313
8.6 Concluding Remarks......Page 314
8.8 References......Page 315
9.2 Pre-privatisation (1990): The Public Purse......Page 318
9.4 Early-mid 1990s: Getting the Same for Less......Page 319
9.6 Late 1990s: Capital Efficiency......Page 320
9.8 The 1990/2000 Regulatory Settlement and a Major Challenge......Page 321
9.10 Asset Governance......Page 322
9.12 Asset Information and the Ageing Process......Page 325
9.13 Condition Monitoring......Page 326
9.13.1 Transformers......Page 327
9.13.4 Other Plant......Page 328
9.13.6 Underground Cables......Page 329
9.13.7 HV Cables......Page 330
9.13.8 Partial Discharge......Page 331
9.13.9 Zero Sequence Impedance......Page 332
9.14 Asset Replacement Analysis......Page 333
9.14.1 Benchmarking......Page 335
9.14.2 Asset Lifecycle......Page 336
9.14.3 Asset Replacement Models......Page 338
9.14.5 Technology Strategy......Page 342
9.15 Refurbishment and Replacements......Page 343
9.16.1 Risk Control......Page 344
9.16.2 Major Incidents......Page 345
9.16.4 Common Mode Failure......Page 346
9.16.5 Financial Risk Management......Page 347
9.17 Asset Information Acquisition......Page 348
9.17.2 Data Gathering......Page 350
9.17.4 Environment......Page 351
9.17.5 Data Cleaning......Page 352
11.4 Evolutionary Programming-based Optimal Power Flow Algorithm......Page 402
9.18 Conclusions......Page 353
9.19.2 The Fuzzy IEC Code — Key Gas Method......Page 354
9.19.3 Fuzzy Diagnosis Results......Page 356
9.19.4 Trend Analysis of Individual Faults......Page 358
9.19.5 Comments......Page 359
9.20 References......Page 360
10.1.1 A General Overview......Page 361
10.1.2 PQ Issues During System Disturbances......Page 364
10.1.3 Voltage Sags......Page 365
10.2.1 The Wavelet Transform......Page 367
10.2.2 Wavelet Analysis......Page 369
10.2.3 Application to PQ [25]......Page 370
10.2.4 Automated Disturbance Assessment......Page 372
10.3.1 Harmonic Sources......Page 373
10.3.2 Characterisation of Harmonic Sources......Page 376
10.3.3 Harmonic Flows [30]......Page 177
10.3.4 Aperiodic Distortion......Page 377
10.4 Need for Adequate PQ Indices and Standards......Page 378
10.5 Need for Adequate PQ Monitoring [70,71]......Page 379
10.6 References......Page 380
11.1 Introduction......Page 384
11.2.1 Types of Agents......Page 385
11.3 Electricity Options Markets with Agents......Page 391
11.3.1 Electricity Markets and Options......Page 393
11.3.2 Agent-Based Computational Economics......Page 395
11.3.3 Valuing Options with Agents......Page 396
11.4.2 EP......Page 404
11.4.3 EP-OPF......Page 405
11.4.4 Load flow Solution......Page 408
11.4.5 Gradient Acceleration......Page 409
11.4.6 Application Studies......Page 410
11.5 Complex Artificial Neural Networks for Load Flow Analysis......Page 414
11.5.1 Conventional ANN for Real Numbers......Page 415
11.5.2 New ANN for Complex Numbers......Page 416
11.5.3 Comparison of the two ANNs by Computer Simulation......Page 419
11.5.4 Application of "Complex" ANN to Load Flow Analysis......Page 421
11.6.1 Types of VR systems......Page 426
11.6.4 Semi-immersive Projection Systems......Page 427
11.6.5 Comparison between Different VR Systems......Page 428
11.6.9 Applications......Page 429
11.7 3-D Thermal Imaging for Power Equipment Monitoring......Page 431
11.7.1 The Hardware......Page 432
11.7.2 The Correspondence......Page 433
11.7.3 Display with VR......Page 436
11.7.4 Implementation Example......Page 438
11.8 Conclusions......Page 441
11.11 References......Page 442
12.2.1 What Is the Internet?......Page 447
12.2.3 What Would Happen Without the Internet?......Page 448
12.2.4 How Can the Power Industry Benefit from the Internet?......Page 449
12.3.1 Scientific Use for Researchers......Page 450
12.3.4 Business Competition......Page 451
12.3.6 On-line Services......Page 452
12.3.8 The Power Industry and the Internet......Page 453
12.4 Internet Technology......Page 455
12.4.1 Access to the Internet......Page 456
12.4.3 Web Clients......Page 457
12.4.6 E-mail......Page 458
12.4.7 Internet Security......Page 459
12.4.8 Internet Bandwidth......Page 462
12.5.2 Interpreted Versus Compiled Languages......Page 464
12.5.3 What Is JavaScript?......Page 465
12.5.4 What Is Java?......Page 466
12.6 Web Pages......Page 467
12.6.2 Difference Between a Static and a Dynamic Web Page......Page 468
12.6.3 Displaying Database Content......Page 469
12.6.4 Web Pages with Functionality......Page 471
12.7.2 Reasons for XML......Page 472
12.7.3 Separation of Content and Layout......Page 473
12.7.5 Stylesheets......Page 475
12.8 Case Study 1: Power Station Monitoring [8]......Page 476
12.8.1 Requirements of Airport Substation......Page 477
12.8.2 System Implementation......Page 478
12.8.3 Monitoring Power Station Equipment......Page 485
12.9 Case Study 2: Power Trading Application......Page 488
12.9.1 Trading Platform Architecture......Page 489
12.10 Conclusions......Page 490
12.12 References......Page 491
Index......Page 492