Power System Protection. Vol.3: Application

Table of Contents......Page 1
12.1 Introduction......Page 7
12.2.1 Generator Faults......Page 8
12.2.2 Transformer Faults......Page 10
12.3.1 Unbiased Differential Protection......Page 13
12.3.2 Biased Differential Protection......Page 15
12.3.3 Back-up Overcurrent and Earth-fault Protection......Page 18
12.3.4 Negative Phase-sequence Protection......Page 23
12.3.5 Interturn Fault Protection......Page 27
12.3.6 Loss of Excitation (Field Failure) Protection......Page 28
12.3.7 Protection Against Pole-slipping......Page 30
12.3.8 Rotor Earth-fault Protection......Page 33
12.3.10 Low Forward Power Interlock......Page 35
12.3.11 Overspeed Protection......Page 36
12.3.13 Mechanical and Hydraulic Trips......Page 37
12.4.1 Direct Connected, Gas-turbine Sets......Page 40
12.4.2 Transformer Connected, Gas-turbine Sets......Page 42
12.5.1 Unbiased Differential Protection......Page 45
12.5.2 Biased Differential Protection......Page 48
12.5.3 Restricted Earth-fault Protection......Page 51
12.5.4 Overcurrent Protection......Page 53
12.5.5 Directional Overcurrent Protection......Page 54
12.5.6 Interlocked Overcurrent Protection......Page 56
12.5.7 Standby Earth-fault Protection......Page 57
12.5.9 Winding Temperature Protection......Page 58
12.5.10 Gas Generation and Oil-surge Protection......Page 59
12.6.1 Distribution Transformers......Page 60
12.6.2 Two-winding Transmission Transformers......Page 61
12.6.4 Autotransformers for Transmission......Page 63
12.7 Protection System for Generator Transformer Units......Page 66
12.7.1 Biased Differential Protection......Page 67
12.7.2 Stator Earth-fault Protection......Page 70
12.7.4 Generator Transformer Overfluxing Protection......Page 71
12.8 Transformer Feeder Protection......Page 72
12.8.1 Overall Protection for Feeder and Transformer......Page 73
12.8.2 Separate Protection for Feeder and Transformer......Page 75
12.8.3 Intertripping......Page 80
12.8.4 Neutral Displacement Protection......Page 83
12.8.6 Typical Protection Arrangements for Transformer Feeders......Page 85
12.9 Bibliography......Page 86
13.2.1 The Basic Philosophy of Busbar Protection......Page 87
13.3.1 Back-up Overcurrent and Earth-fault Relays......Page 89
13.3.2 Distance Protection......Page 90
13.4.1 General Considerations......Page 92
13.4.2 Frame Earth Systems......Page 93
13.5.1 General Considerations......Page 99
13.5.2 Current Balance Using Circulating Current Principle......Page 100
13.5.3 Connections for Circulating Current Busbar Protection......Page 101
13.5.5 Basic Principles of High-impedance Circulating Current Busbar Protection: Stability......Page 109
13.5.6 Basic Principles of High-impedance Circulating Current Busbar Protection: Operation......Page 114
13.5.7 Extension of the Basic Principles to Busbar Protection......Page 117
13.5.8 Types of High-impedance Relays......Page 118
13.5.9 Practical High-impedance Installations......Page 119
13.6.1 Factors Affecting the Position of C.T.S in Busbars......Page 124
13.6.2 Effect of C.T. Location in Outgoing Circuits......Page 126
13.6.3 Multiple Check Zones......Page 129
13.6.4 Busbar Selector Auxiliary Switches......Page 133
13.6.5 C.T. Test Links......Page 136
13.6.6 Precautions Against Maloperation of Busbar Protection......Page 137
13.6.7 Tripping and Alarm Circuit Arrangements......Page 138
13.6.8 Back-tripping......Page 144
13.6.9 Test Facilities......Page 145
13.6.10 Fault Settings......Page 146
13.7.1 Principle of Operation......Page 148
13.7.2 Precautions Against Maloperation......Page 150
13.7.4 Circuit Breaker Fail Timer Settings......Page 151
13.8 Terminology......Page 153
13.9 Bibliography......Page 154
14.2.1 Characteristics of D.C. and A.C. Motors......Page 155
14.2.2 Application of D.C. and A.C. Motors......Page 168
14.2.3 Motor Control......Page 169
14.2.5 A.C. and D.C. Motor Protection......Page 170
14.3.1 The Place of Reactors in a Power System......Page 187
14.3.2 Types of Reactor......Page 188
14.3.3 Reactor Rating......Page 191
14.3.4 Reactor Application......Page 192
14.3.5 Reactor Protection......Page 196
14.4.1 The Place of Boosters in a Power System......Page 205
14.4.3 Booster Transformers......Page 206
14.4.4 The Moving-coil Regulator......Page 211
14.4.5 The Induction Regulator......Page 216
14.4.6 Protection of Boosters......Page 219
14.5.1 Capacitors in an Interconnected Power System......Page 221
14.5.2 Series-connected Capacitors......Page 222
14.5.3 Shunt-connected Capacitors......Page 223
14.5.4 Series or Shunt Connection......Page 225
14.5.5 The Capacitor Unit......Page 227
14.5.6 Protection of Capacitors......Page 228
14.5.6.1 Series Capacitor Internal Protection......Page 229
14.5.6.2 Series Capacitor External Protection......Page 230
14.5.6.3 Shunt Capacitor Internal Protection......Page 236
14.5.6.4 Shunt Capacitor External Protection......Page 241
14.5.6.5 Protection of Synchronous Shunt Compensators......Page 243
14.6 Bibliography......Page 251
15.1 Introduction......Page 253
15.2.2 Application......Page 256
15.3.1 Principle......Page 261
15.3.3 Pole-mounted Automatic Circuit Reclosers......Page 263
15.3.4 Substation Circuit Breakers......Page 275
15.4 Sensitive Earth-fault Protection......Page 281
15.5 Arc-suppression Coils......Page 284
15.6 Performance/Cost Comparison of Protective Equipment for Rural Systems......Page 286
15.7 Primary Networks in Rural Areas......Page 288
15.8 Bibliography......Page 295
16.1 Introduction......Page 297
16.2 Characteristics of Urban and Metropolitan Areas......Page 298
16.3.2 L.V. Cables......Page 300
16.3.3 Substation Transformers......Page 301
16.3.4 H.V. Cables......Page 303
16.3.5 Primary Substations......Page 308
16.4 Distribution System Protection - Interconnected L.V. Systems......Page 309
16.4.2 Substations......Page 310
16.4.3 The H.V. Network......Page 311
16.4.4 Protection on a Distributed Block L.V. Interconnected System......Page 312
16.4.5 Supply to Large Point Loads......Page 319
16.5 Private Generation......Page 322
16.7 Bibliography......Page 325
17.1.2 System Design Considerations......Page 327
17.1.3.1 Plant to be Protected......Page 328
17.1.3.4 Voltage and Current Ratings of Protected Plant......Page 329
17.1.3.5 Necessity or Otherwise for High-speed Operation......Page 330
17.1.3.6 Importance of Security of Supply......Page 331
17.1.3.8 Availability of Signalling Channels......Page 333
17.2.1 Main and Back-up Protection......Page 334
17.2.1.1 Main Protection......Page 335
17.2.1.2 Back-up Protection......Page 336
17.2.2 Effect of Location of Current Transformers in Determining Protection to be Provided......Page 340
17.2.3 Two-stage Overcurrent Protection......Page 343
17.3.1 General......Page 344
17.3.2 D.C. Signalling......Page 346
17.3.3 Post Office Signalling......Page 348
17.3.5 Fault Throwing......Page 349
17.4.1 Design and Application of Automatic Switching Equipment......Page 350
17.4.3 Delayed Automatic Reclosing......Page 351
17.4.4 Equipment Design and Programming......Page 354
17.4.5 Commissioning......Page 362
17.5 Economic Considerations......Page 363
17.6.1.1 Protection for a Long Overhead Feeder......Page 364
17.6.1.2 Protection for a Short Overhead Feeder......Page 368
17.6.1.3 Protection for an Underground Feeder......Page 369
17.6.2 Protection for a Transformer......Page 371
17.6.3 Protection for Banked Transformers......Page 379
17.6.4 Protection for a Teed Feeder......Page 382
17.6.5 Protection for a Transformer-feeder......Page 389
17.6.6 Protection for a Double-busbar Station......Page 391
17.6.8 Protection for Complex Primary Circuit Configurations......Page 393
17.7.1 Protection for a Feeder......Page 398
17.7.5 Protection for a Transformer Feeder......Page 399
17.7.7 Protection for Complex Primary Circuit Configurations......Page 403
17.8 Bibliography......Page 404
18.2 Contractual Obligations......Page 405
18.4.1 Reasons for Commissioning Tests......Page 406
18.4.2 Planning of Commissioning Tests......Page 407
18.4.3 Inspection Prior to Testing......Page 411
18.4.4 The Tests......Page 413
18.4.8 Modification to Existing Substations......Page 0
18.5 Routine Maintenance Tests......Page 443
18.5.2 Frequency of Routine Maintenance......Page 444
18.5.3 Inspections and Tests......Page 445
18.5.4 Maintenance of Busbar Protection, Back-tripping and Circuit-breaker Fail Protection at Double-busbar Type Substations......Page 447
18.5.5 Maintenance and Testing of Intertripping and Protection Signalling Equipment......Page 449
18.6.1 Primary Faults......Page 452
18.6.3 Faults on Solid-state Equipment......Page 453
18.7.1 General......Page 454
18.8 The Test Equipment......Page 457
18.9.1 Relay Settings......Page 469
18.9.2 Test Results......Page 470
B......Page 473
D......Page 474
I......Page 475
P......Page 476
R......Page 477
T......Page 478
W......Page 479