Power System Protection and Switchgear, 2/e

Title
Contents
1. Introduction
	1.1 Need for Protective Systems
		1.2 Nature and Causes of Faults
			1.3 Types of Faults
				1.4 Effects of Faults
				1.5 Fault Statistics
				1.6 Evolution of Protective Relays
				1.7 Zones of Protection
				1.8 Primary and Back-up Protection
				1.9 Essential Qualities of Protection
			1.10 Performance of Protective Relays
			1.11 Classifi cation of Protective Relays
			1.12 Components of a Protection System
			1.13 Classifi cation of Protective Schemes
			1.14 Automatic Reclosing
			1.15 Current Transformers (CTs) for Protection
			1.16 Voltage Transformers (VTs)
			1.17 Basic Relay Terminology
				Exercises
2. Relay Construction and Operating Principles
	2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Electromechanical Relays
			2.3 Static Relays
			2.4 Numerical Relays
			2.5 Comparison between Electromechanical Relays and Numerical Relays
				Exercises
3. Current and Voltage Transformers
	3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Current transformers (CTs)
			3.3 Voltage Transformers (VTs)
			3.4 Summation transformer
			3.5 Phase-sequence Current-segregating Network
				Exercises
4. Fault Analysis
	4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Per-Unit System
			4.3 One-Line Diagram
			4.4 Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
			4.5 Symmetrical Fault Analysis
			4.6 Symmetrical Components
			4.7 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis
			4.8 Grounding (Earthing)
				Exercises
5. Overcurrent Protection
	5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Time-current Characteristics
			5.3 Current Setting
			5.4 Time Setting
			5.5 Overcurrent Protective Schemes
			5.6 Reverse Power or Directional Relay
			5.7 Protection of Parallel Feeders
			5.8 Protection of Ring Mains
			5.9 Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection
		5.10 Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protective Scheme
		5.11 Phase Fault Protective Scheme
		5.12 Directional Earth Fault Relay
		5.13 Static Overcurrent Relays
		5.14 Numerical Overcurrent Relays
			Exercises
6. Distance Protection
	6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Impedance Relay
			6.3 Reactance Relay
			6.4 MHO (Admittance or Angle Admittance) Relay
			6.5 Angle Impedance (OHM) Relay
			6.6 Input Quantities for Various Types of Distance Relays
			6.7 Sampling Comparator
			6.8 Effect of arc Resistance on the Performance of Distance Relays
			6.9 Reach of Distance Relays
			6.10 Effect of Power Surges (Power Swings) on the Performance of Distance Relays
			6.11 Effect of Line Length and Source Impedance on Distance Relays
			6.12 Selection of Distance Relays
			6.13 MHO Relay with Blinders
			6.14 Quadrilateral Relay
			6.15 Elliptical Relay
			6.16 Restricted MHO Relay
			6.17 Restricted Impedance Relay
			6.18 Restricted Directional Relay
			6.19 Restricted Reactance Relay
			6.20 Some Other Distance Relay Characteristics
			6.21 Swivelling Characteristics
			6.22 Choice of Characteristics for Different Zones of Protection
			6.23 Compensation for Correct Distance Measurement
			6.24 Reduction of Measuring Units
			6.25 Switched Schemes
			6.26 Auto-reclosing
				Appendix
					Exercises
7. Pilot Relaying Schemes
	7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Wire Pilot Protection
			7.3 Carrier Current Protection
				Exercises
8. Differential Protection
	8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Differential Relays
			8.3 Simple (Basic) Differential Protection
			8.4 Percentage or Biased Differential Relay
				8.5 Differential Protection of 3-Phase Circuits
					8.6 Balanced (Opposed) Voltage Differential Protection
						Exercises
9. Rotating Machines Protection
	9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Protection of Generators
			Exercises
10. Transformer and Buszone Protection
	10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Transformer Protection
			10.3 Buszone Protection
			10.4 Frame Leakage Protection
				Exercises
11. Numerical Protection
	11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Numerical Relay
		11.3 Data Acquisition System (DAS)
		11.4 Numerical Relaying Algorithms
		11.5 Mann–Morrison Technique
		11.6 Differential Equation Technique
		11.7 Discrete Fourier Transform Technique
		11.8 Walsh–Hadamard Transform Technique
		11.9 Rationalised Haar Transform Technique
	11.10 Block Pulse Functions Technique
	11.11 Wavelet Transform Technique
	11.12 Removal of the dc Offset
	11.13 Numerical Overcurrent Protection
	11.14 Numerical Distance Protection
	11.15 Numerical Differential Protection
		Exercises
12. Microprocessor-Based Numerical Protective Relays
	12.1 Introduction
		12.2 IC Elements and Circuits for Interfaces
		12.3 A/D Converter, Analog Multiplexer, S/H Circuit
		12.4 Overcurrent Relays
		12.5 Impedance Relay
		12.6 Directional Relay
		12.7 Reactance Relay
		12.8 Generalised Mathematical Expression for Distance Relays
		12.9 Measurement of R and X
		12.10 Mho and Offset Mho Relays
		12.11 Quadrilateral Relay
		12.12 Generalised Interface for Distance Relays
		12.13 Microprocessor Implementation of Digital Distance Relaying Algorithms
			Exercises
13. Artificial Intelligence Based Numerical Protection
	13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Artifi cial Neural Network (ANN)
			13.3 Fuzzy Logic
			13.4 Application of Artifi cial Intelligence to Power System Protection
			13.5 Application of ANN to Overcurrent Protection
			13.6 Application of ANN to Transmission Line Protection
			13.7 Neural Network Based Directional Relay
			13.8 ANN Modular Approach for Fault Detection, Classifi cation and Location
			13.9 Wavelet Fuzzy Combined Approach for Fault Classifi cation
		13.10 Application of ANN to Power Transformer Protection
		13.11 Power Transformer Protection Based on Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic
		13.12 Power Transformer Protection Based Upon Combined Wavelet Transform and Neural Network
		13.13 Application of ANN to Generator Protection
			Exercises
14. Circuit Breakers
	14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Fault Clearing Time of a Circuit Breaker
			14.3 Arc Voltage
			14.4 Arc Interruption
			14.5 Restriking Voltage and Recovery Voltage
			14.6 Resistance Switching
			14.7 Current Chopping
				14.8 Interruption of Capacitive Current
					14.9 Classifi cation of Circuit Breakers
					14.10 Air-Break Circuit Breakers
					14.11 Oil Circuit Breakers
					14.12 Air Blast Circuit Breakers
					14.13 SF6 Circuit Breakers
					14.14 Vacuum Circuit Breakers
					14.15 Operating Mechanism
					14.16 Selection of Circuit Breakers
					14.17 High Voltage DC (HVDC) Circuit Breakers
					14.18 Rating of Circuit Breakers
					14.19 Testing of Circuit Breakers
						Exercises
15. Fuses
	15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Defi nitions
			15.3 Fuse Characteristics
			15.4 Types of Fuses
			15.5 Applications of HRC Fuses
			15.6 Selection of Fuses
			15.7 Discrimination
				Exercises
16. Protection Against Overvoltages
	16.1 Causes of Overvoltages
		16.2 Lightning Phenomena
			16.3 Wave Shape of Voltage Due to Lightning
			16.4 Overvoltages Due to Lightning
			16.5 Klydonograph and Magnetic Link
			16.6 Protection of Transmission Lines against Direct Lightning Strokes
			16.7 Protection of Stations and Sub-stations from Direct Strokes
			16.8 Protection Against Travelling Waves
			16.9 Peterson Coil
		16.10 Insulation Coordination
		16.11 Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIIL)
			Exercises
17. Modern Trends in Power System Protection
	17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Gas Insulated Substation/Switchgear (GIS)
			17.3 Frequency Relays and Load-shedding
			17.4 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) Based Relays
			17.5 Adaptive Protection
			17.6 Integrated Protection and Control
			17.7 Relay Reliability
			17.8 Advantages of Fast Fault Clearing
				Exercises
Appendix A: 8086 Assembly Language Programming
Appendix B: Orthogonal and Orthonormal Functions
Appendix C: Gray-code to Binary Conversion
Appendix D: Kronecker (or Direct) Product of Matrices
Index