Power system protection and communications

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
List of Acronyms......Page 8
Contents......Page 12
Recommended ProtectionTerminology......Page 16
Part A Power System Protection......Page 42
  1.1 Introduction to Protective Relaying......Page 44
  1.2 Power System Plant and Layout......Page 46
  1.3 Switching Arrangements......Page 49
  1.4 The Function of Protective Relaying......Page 54
  1.5 Principles of Protective Relaying......Page 55
  1.6 Unit and Non-Unit Schemes......Page 58
  1.7 Zones of Protection......Page 60
  1.8 Common Terminologies......Page 61
  2.1 Faults on Power System......Page 63
  2.2 Faults Type......Page 64
  2.3 Fault Level Calculations......Page 65
  2.4 Limiting Short-Circuit Levels......Page 67
  2.5 Transient During A Balanced Fault......Page 68
  2.6 Sequence Networks for Calculation of Unbalanced Faults......Page 71
  2.7 Calculation of Voltages in the Network......Page 79
  2.8 Short-Circuit Fault Calculations......Page 80
  3.1 Introduction......Page 92
  3.2 Power System Arrangements and Construction Features......Page 93
  3.3 Earth Potential Rise......Page 98
  3.4 Safety Considerations......Page 104
  3.5 Application of Safety Criteria......Page 105
  3.6 Demands on Protection Arising From Safety, Reliability and Interference Considerations......Page 106
  3.7 Interference on Supplied and Other Systems......Page 116
  4.2 Voltage Transformers......Page 121
  4.3 Current Transformers (CTs)......Page 126
  4.4 Guidance in Application of CTs......Page 133
  5.1 Introduction......Page 142
  5.2 Types and Construction......Page 143
  5.3 System Analysis......Page 147
  5.4 Settings of IDMT Relays......Page 148
  5.5 Relay Discrimination......Page 150
  5.6 Grading Margin......Page 162
  5.7 Earth Fault Protection......Page 163
  6.1 Introduction......Page 167
  6.2 Categories of Fuses......Page 169
  6.3 Fuse Operating Osallograms......Page 186
  6.4 Time vs Current Characteristic......Page 189
  6.5 Discrimination......Page 196
  6.6 Testing of Fuses......Page 202
  6.7 Future Developments......Page 207
  7.2 Principle of Distance Protection......Page 208
  7.3 Analog Amplitude and Phase Comparison......Page 214
  7.4 Relay Types and Their Application......Page 217
  7.5 Derivation of Signals for Distance Protection......Page 224
  7.6 Methods of Realising Comparators......Page 226
  7.7 Signal S2......Page 234
  7.8 Pre-Filters Used in Power System Protective Relaying......Page 235
  7.9 Effect of the Ratio Source Impedance to Line Impedance (Zs/Z1)......Page 237
  7.10 Time Grading of Distance Relays......Page 238
  7.11 Requirements of Definite-Distance Schemes......Page 240
  7.12 Reach of Distance Relay......Page 241
  7.13 Digital Computation By A Microprocessor......Page 243
  8.2 Circulating Current Differential (Low Impedance)......Page 250
  8.3 Biased Differential Protection......Page 253
  8.4 High Impedance Current Differential......Page 254
  8.5 Pilot Wire Protection......Page 256
  8.6 Phase Comparison Protection......Page 258
  9.1 Unit and Non-Unit Protection Schemes......Page 260
  9.2 Remote and Local Back Up Protection......Page 265
  9.3 Example Demonstrating a Method to Determine Current Settings of Circuit Breaker Failure Schemes......Page 278
Part B Power System Communications......Page 282
  1.2 Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)......Page 284
  1.3 Innovative Integration Developments (IEDs)......Page 285
  2.1 Terminologies......Page 287
  2.2 Architectures......Page 292
  3.1 Introduction to Power System Communication......Page 301
  3.2 Protocols in General......Page 305
  3.3 Expand on DNP......Page 306
  3.4 Standardisation Developments......Page 308
  4.1 Introduction......Page 320
  4.2 Automation Systems and Communication Needs......Page 321
  4.3 Middleware Requirements for Protection Applications......Page 326
  4.4 Middleware Architectures......Page 329
  4.5 Publish/Subscribe Middleware......Page 335
  4.6 Corba and ITS Features......Page 343
  4.7 Common Architectures for Communication Devices......Page 351
  5.1 Overview of Communication Networking Requirements......Page 357
  5.2 Information Embedded Power System Via LAN/WAN......Page 358
  5.3 The Benefits of Using IEPS-LAN/WAN Technology......Page 362
  6.1 Backgroun......Page 364
  6.2 Current Power System Data Communication Media......Page 365
  6.3 Networks and Information Technology......Page 367
  6.4 Wide Area Communication Infrastructure......Page 370
  6.5 Local Area Substation Network Design......Page 372
  6.6 Time Data Communication and Exchange......Page 373
  Conclusion to Chapter Three on Protocols......Page 376
  Overall Conclusion to IEC61850 And DNP-3......Page 377
  Conclusion to Chapter Four on Middleware......Page 379
  Conclusion to Chapter Five on Information Embedded Power System......Page 381
  Conclusion to Chapter Six on Fiber Optic Network Infrastructure as Next Generation Power System Communications......Page 382
 References......Page 384
 Index......Page 396