Power system protection

Table of Contents......Page 1
Glossary......Page 0
1.1 Logic Devices......Page 4
1.2.1 Historical Development......Page 8
1.2.2 Basic Operation......Page 9
1.2.3 Memory Devices......Page 11
1.2.4 Binary Number Representation......Page 13
1.3.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.3.2 Digital to Analogue Converters......Page 16
1.3.3 Analogue to Digital Converters: Ramp Converters......Page 17
1.3.4 Analogue to Digital Converters: Successive Approximation Converters......Page 18
1.3.5 Sample and Hold Amplifiers......Page 19
1.3.6 Multiplexers......Page 20
1.3.7 Analogue to Digital Conversion in Protection Relays......Page 21
1.4 Specialised Microprocessors......Page 22
1.5 Reference......Page 23
2.1 Continuous Versus Discrete Waveforms......Page 24
2.2 Sampling......Page 25
2.3.1 Time Domains and Frequency Domains......Page 27
2.3.2 Filter Descriptions......Page 29
2.3.3 Types of Digital Filter......Page 34
2.4.1 Discrete Fourier Transform......Page 35
2.4.2 Fast Fourier Transform......Page 37
2.5.1 Design Constraints......Page 39
2.5.2 Real-Time Considerations......Page 41
2.6 Further Reading......Page 42
3.1.1 Introduction......Page 43
3.1.2 Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex Transmission......Page 44
3.1.4 Error Handling......Page 45
3.1.5 Protocols and Standards......Page 46
3.1.6 Control System Communication Media and Configurations......Page 47
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 49
3.2.2 Fibre Optics Basics......Page 50
3.2.3 Communications Applications in Power Systems......Page 56
3.3 Further Reading......Page 60
4.1.1 Typical Relay Hardware Structure......Page 61
4.1.2 Relay Interfaces......Page 63
4.2.1 Overcurrent Relays......Page 64
4.2.2 Distance Relays......Page 65
4.2.3 Directional Comparison Relays......Page 73
4.2.4 Differential Relays......Page 77
4.3.2 Fault Location Using Apparent Reactance......Page 82
4.3.3 Compensation for Remote End Infeed......Page 84
4.3.5 Hardware for Fault Locators - Fault Recorders......Page 85
4.4 Software Considerations......Page 86
4.5.2 Relay Test Hardware......Page 89
4.5.3 Digital Power System Fault Simulation......Page 90
4.6 References......Page 91
4.7 Further Reading......Page 92
4.8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 93
5.0 Introduction......Page 95
5.1.1 Functions and Design......Page 96
5.1.2 Disadvantages of Using Traditional Technology......Page 97
5.2.1 System Architecture (Distributed Processing)......Page 101
5.2.2 Numeric Technology......Page 104
5.3.2 Substation Level......Page 105
5.4.2 Substation Level......Page 106
5.4.3 Off-Line Applications......Page 110
5.5 Advantages of Coordinated Control Systems......Page 112
Glossary......Page 114
D......Page 124
N......Page 125
T......Page 126
W......Page 127