Power-Switching Converters

clip_image001......Page 1
Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Author......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 8
1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters......Page 16
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.2.1 AC/DC Converter......Page 21
1.2.2 Intermediate Circuit......Page 22
1.2.4 Soft-Charge Circuit......Page 23
1.2.6 Brake Circuit......Page 24
1.2.10 Motor Connection......Page 25
1.2.11 Controller......Page 26
1.3 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation......Page 27
1.3.3 DC Current Injection......Page 28
1.3.4 Electro-Magnetic Compatibility and Electro-Magnetic Inference......Page 29
1.3.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid......Page 30
1.4 Multi-Converter Power Electronic Systems......Page 31
References......Page 32
2.1 A View of the Power Semiconductor Market......Page 34
2.2.1 Operation......Page 36
2.2.2 Control......Page 41
2.3.1 Operation......Page 42
2.3.2 Control, Gate-Drivers......Page 43
2.3.3 Protection......Page 45
2.3.4 Power Loss Estimation......Page 46
2.3.5 Active Gate-Drivers......Page 48
2.5 Advanced Power Devices......Page 51
References......Page 52
3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches......Page 54
3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation......Page 55
3.3 What is a PMW Algorithm?......Page 56
3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions......Page 59
3.5.1 Frequency Analysis......Page 64
3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF)......Page 70
3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms......Page 72
3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms......Page 73
3.6.2 Vectorial Method......Page 74
3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters......Page 75
3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter......Page 76
3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter......Page 79
3.7.3 Binary-Programmed PWM......Page 81
3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions......Page 82
3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives......Page 83
3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter......Page 84
3.12 Problems......Page 87
References......Page 88
4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance......Page 89
4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference......Page 91
4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor......Page 97
4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency)......Page 98
4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM......Page 100
4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width......Page 103
4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection......Page 109
4.6.1 Deadtime......Page 115
4.6.2 Zero Current Clamping......Page 119
4.6.3 Overmodulation......Page 120
4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization......Page 121
4.7 Conclusion......Page 122
References......Page 123
5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept......Page 126
5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages......Page 127
5.1.2.1 Clarke Transform......Page 129
5.1.2.2 Park Transform......Page 130
5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems......Page 131
5.2.1 Mathematical Derivation of the Current Space Vector Trajectory in the Complex Plane for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads)......Page 132
5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory......Page 137
5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of the Time Intervals Associated to the Active and Zero States by Averaging......Page 139
5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation......Page 141
5.5 Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in the (d,q) Coordinate System......Page 142
5.6 Definition of the Switching Reference Function......Page 145
5.7.1.1 Direct-Inverse SVM......Page 148
5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function [33-42] for Reduced Switching Loss......Page 151
5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF......Page 154
5.9 Overmodulation for SVM......Page 156
5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters......Page 157
5.10.1 Low-Frequencies Operation Mode......Page 159
5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode......Page 160
5.12 Problems......Page 163
References......Page 164
6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power......Page 168
6.2.1 Overcurrent......Page 169
6.2.2 Fuses......Page 172
6.2.4 Overvoltage......Page 175
6.2.5.1 Theory......Page 176
6.2.5.2 Component Selection......Page 180
6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power......Page 181
6.2.5.5 Resonant Snubbers......Page 182
6.2.5.6 Active Snubbering......Page 185
6.4 Reduction of Common-Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques......Page 186
6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices......Page 190
6.5.2 Converter Packaging......Page 192
6.6 Thermal Management......Page 193
6.6.1 Transient Thermal Impedance......Page 195
6.7 Conclusion......Page 196
6.8 Problems......Page 197
References......Page 198
7.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers......Page 200
7.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs......Page 201
7.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers......Page 203
7.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers......Page 205
7.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers......Page 209
7.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control......Page 210
7.4.2 DSPS Used in Power Converter Control......Page 213
7.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multi-Processor Structures......Page 215
7.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing......Page 216
7.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants......Page 217
7.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces......Page 222
7.8.1 Event Manager Structure......Page 223
7.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier-Based PWM......Page 224
7.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM......Page 225
7.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM......Page 226
7.8.5 Deadtime......Page 228
References......Page 229
8.2.1 Shunt Resistor......Page 231
8.2.2 Hall-Effect Sensors......Page 233
8.3 Current Sampling Rate: Oversampling......Page 234
8.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates......Page 236
8.5 Current Transforms (3->2): Software Calculation of Transforms......Page 237
8.6 Current Control in (d,q) Models: PI Calibration......Page 238
8.7 Antiwind-Up Protection: Output Limitation and Range Definition......Page 240
References......Page 241
9.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance vs. Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Devices......Page 242
9.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High-Power Converters?......Page 245
9.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching......Page 248
9.3.2 Step-Down Conversion......Page 251
9.3.3 Step-Up Power Transfer......Page 256
9.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer......Page 258
9.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching......Page 260
9.4.2 Step-Down Conversion......Page 263
9.4.3 Step-Up Conversion......Page 266
9.5.2 Resonant DC Bus......Page 269
9.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters......Page 271
References......Page 272
10.1.1 New Inverter Topologies......Page 274
10.1.2 Direct Converters......Page 278
10.2 Generalized Vector Transform......Page 283
10.3 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter......Page 287
10.4.1 Method 1......Page 292
10.4.3 Comparative Results......Page 293
10.5 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation......Page 295
10.6 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase Induction Machine......Page 296
10.7 Conclusion......Page 297
References......Page 298
11.1 Particularities, Control Objectives, and Active Power Control......Page 301
11.2.1 Single-Switch Applications......Page 304
11.2.2 Six-Switch Converters......Page 317
11.3.1 Introduction......Page 320
11.3.2 PI Current Loop......Page 321
11.3.3 Transient Response Times......Page 322
11.3.4 Limitation of the (vd,vq) Voltages......Page 323
11.3.6 Cross-Coupling Terms......Page 324
11.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis......Page 326
11.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control......Page 328
11.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods......Page 329
11.4 Grid Synchronization......Page 335
11.6 Problems......Page 337
References......Page 338
12.1 Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices......Page 340
12.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs......Page 342
12.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs in Respect to Using Parallel Devices......Page 347
12.4.1 Inter-Phase Reactors......Page 348
12.4.3 Converter Control Solutions......Page 349
12.4.4 Current Control......Page 351
12.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System......Page 352
12.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control......Page 355
12.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters......Page 356
12.6 Circulating Currents......Page 358
12.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm......Page 360
12.8 System Controller......Page 361
12.10 Problems......Page 363
References......Page 364