Power Sources and Supplies

cover.jpg......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
About the Editor......Page 4
About the Contributors......Page 5
An Introduction to the Linear Regulator......Page 6
1.1 Basic Linear Regulator Operation......Page 7
1.2 General Linear Regulator Considerations......Page 8
1.3 Linear Power Supply Design Examples......Page 11
Basic Switching Circuits......Page 18
2.1 Energy Storage Basics......Page 19
2.2 Buck Converter......Page 20
2.3 Boost Converter......Page 22
2.5 Buck-Boost Converter......Page 24
2.6 Transformer Isolated Converters......Page 25
2.7 Synchronous Rectification......Page 28
2.8 Charge Pumps......Page 30
DC-DC Converter Design and Magnetics......Page 34
3.1 DC Transfer Functions......Page 36
3.2 The DC Level and the Swing of the Inductor Current Waveform......Page 37
3.3 Defining the AC, DC, and Peak Currents......Page 40
3.4 Understanding the AC, DC and Peak Currents......Page 42
3.5 Defining the Worst-case Input Voltage......Page 44
3.6 The Current Ripple Ratio r......Page 47
3.7 Relating r to the Inductance......Page 48
3.8 The Optimum Value of r......Page 49
3.9 Do We Mean Inductor? or Inductance?......Page 50
3.10 How Inductance and Inductor Size Depend on Frequency......Page 51
3.12 How Vendors Specify the Current Rating of an Off-the-shelf Inductor and How to Select it......Page 52
3.13 What Is the Inductor Current Rating We Need to Consider for a Given Application?......Page 54
3.14 The Spread and Tolerance of the Current Limit......Page 57
3.15 Worked Example (1)......Page 60
3.16 Worked Examples (2, 3, and 4)......Page 72
3.17 Worked Example (5)When Not to Increase the Number of Turns......Page 77
3.18 Worked Example (6)Characterizing an Off-the-shelf Inductor in a Specific Application......Page 82
3.19 Calculating the Other Worst-case Stresses......Page 89
Control Circuits......Page 98
4.1 Basic Control Circuits......Page 99
4.2 The Error Amplifier......Page 102
4.3 Error Amplifier Compensation......Page 103
4.4 A Representative Voltage Mode PWM Controller......Page 107
4.5 Current Mode Control......Page 112
4.6 A Representative Current Mode PWM Controller......Page 114
4.7 Charge Pump Circuits......Page 118
4.9 Resonant Mode Controllers......Page 121
Non-isolated Circuits......Page 122
5.2 Buck Converter Designs......Page 123
5.3 Boost Converter Designs......Page 132
5.4 Inverting Designs......Page 138
5.5 Step Up/Step Down (Buck/Boost) Designs......Page 142
5.6 Charge Pump Designs......Page 146
5.7 Layout Considerations......Page 150
Transformer-isolated Circuits......Page 153
6.1 Feedback Mechanisms......Page 154
6.2 Flyback Circuits......Page 161
6.4 Off-Line Flyback Example......Page 167
6.5 Non-isolated Flyback Example......Page 174
6.6 Forward Converter Circuits......Page 178
6.7 Practical Forward Converter Design......Page 179
6.8 Off-Line Forward Converter Example......Page 180
6.9 Non-isolated Forward Converter Example......Page 184
6.10 Push-Pull Circuits......Page 188
6.11 Practical Push-Pull Circuit Design......Page 189
6.12 Half Bridge Circuits......Page 193
6.13 Practical Half Bridge Circuit Design......Page 195
6.14 Full Bridge Circuits......Page 198
7.1 Introduction......Page 201
7.2 Power Diodes and Thyristors......Page 202
7.3 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors......Page 219
7.4 Bipolar Power Transistors......Page 221
7.5 Power MOSFETs......Page 230
7.6 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)......Page 241
7.7 MOS Controlled Thyristor (MCT)......Page 243
References......Page 245
Bibliography......Page 247
Conduction and Switching Losses......Page 250
8.1 Switching a Resistive Load......Page 251
8.2 Switching an Inductive Load......Page 256
8.3 Switching Losses and Conduction Loss......Page 259
8.4 A Simplified Model of the MOSFET for Studying Inductive Switching Losses......Page 260
8.5 The Parasitic Capacitances Expressed in an Alternate System......Page 262
8.7 The Turn-on Transition......Page 264
8.8 The Turn-off Transition......Page 267
8.9 Gate Charge Factors......Page 269
8.10 Worked Example......Page 272
8.11 Applying the Switching Loss Analysis to Switching Topologies......Page 276
8.12 Worst-case Input Voltage for Switching Losses......Page 277
8.13 How Switching Losses Vary with the Parasitic Capacitances......Page 278
8.14 Optimizing Driver Capability vis--vis MOSFET Characteristics......Page 280
Power Factor Correction......Page 282
9.1 How Power Factor and Harmonics Are Specified......Page 287
9.2 A Universal Input, 180W, Active Power Factor Correction Circuit......Page 289
Off-line Converter Design adn Magnetics......Page 297
10.1 Flyback Converter Magnetics......Page 298
10.2 Forward Converter Magnetics......Page 321
A True Sine Wave Inverter Design Example......Page 346
11.2 Design Description......Page 347
11.3 Preregulator Detailed Design......Page 353
11.4 Output Converter Detailed Design......Page 357
11.5 H Bridge Detailed Design......Page 359
11.6 Bridge Drive Detailed Design......Page 362
Thermal Analysis and Design......Page 365
12.1 Developing the Thermal Model......Page 366
12.2 Power Packages on a Heatsink (to-3, to-220, to-218, etc.)......Page 368
12.3 Power Packages Not on a Heatsink (Free Standing)......Page 369
12.4 Radial-Ieaded Diodes......Page 370
12.5 Surface Mount Parts......Page 371
12.6 Examples of Some Thermal Applications......Page 372
D......Page 376
L......Page 377
P......Page 378
T......Page 379
Z......Page 380