Power Quality Indices In Liberalized Markets

Power Quality Indices in Liberalized Markets......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
About the authors......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgements......Page 17
1.1 Introduction......Page 19
1.2.1 Power quality disturbances......Page 20
1.2.2 Power quality disturbances and electromagnetic compatibility......Page 32
1.3 Power quality disturbances: indices and objectives......Page 33
1.3.1 Waveform distortions......Page 36
1.3.2 Slow voltage variations......Page 51
1.3.3 Unbalances......Page 54
1.3.4 Voltage fluctuations......Page 58
1.3.6 Voltage dips (sags)......Page 63
1.3.7 Transient overvoltages......Page 72
1.3.8 Rapid voltage changes......Page 74
1.4 Conclusions......Page 75
References......Page 76
2.1 Introduction......Page 79
2.2 Waveform distortions and voltage unbalances: indices based on a single metering section......Page 80
2.2.1 Indices based on harmonic impedances......Page 81
2.2.2 Indices based on powers in non-ideal conditions......Page 103
2.2.3 Indices based on comparison with an ideal linear load......Page 120
2.3.1 The global index......Page 127
2.3.2 The cost of deleterious effects index......Page 130
2.4.1 An approach based on the correlation between flicker level and load power......Page 133
2.4.3 Summation law-based approaches......Page 134
2.4.4 Voltage-based approaches......Page 135
2.4.5 Voltage and current-based approaches......Page 138
2.4.6 Power-based approaches......Page 141
2.5 Voltage sags......Page 144
2.5.2 Slope of the system trajectory approach......Page 145
2.5.3 Resistance sign approach......Page 146
2.5.5 Distance relay approach......Page 149
2.6 Voltage transients......Page 151
2.7 Conclusions......Page 152
References......Page 153
3.1 Introduction......Page 159
3.2 Discrete time waveforms and windowing......Page 160
3.2.2 Result interpolation......Page 165
3.2.3 Synchronized processing......Page 166
3.2.4 Desynchronized processing......Page 167
3.3.1 Theoretical background......Page 169
3.3.2 STFT-based indices......Page 170
3.4.1 Theoretical background......Page 173
3.4.2 Wavelet-based indices......Page 176
3.5 Parametric methods......Page 177
3.5.1 Theoretical background......Page 178
3.5.2 Parametric method-based indices......Page 183
3.5.3 Some comparisons between DFT-based methods and parametric methods......Page 187
3.6 Time–frequency distributions......Page 188
3.6.2 Time–frequency distribution-based indices......Page 189
3.7.1 Theoretical background......Page 197
3.7.2 Burst indices......Page 198
3.8 Conclusions......Page 201
References......Page 202
4.1 Introduction......Page 205
4.2.1 The normalized RMS error......Page 206
4.2.2 The normalized three-phase global index......Page 208
4.2.3 The voltage quality deviation factor......Page 209
4.3 Global indices based on the treatment of traditional indices......Page 212
4.3.1 The global indicator......Page 213
4.3.2 The unified power quality index......Page 215
4.4 Global indices based on the economic impact on the customer......Page 227
4.5 Comparisons of global indices......Page 228
References......Page 230
5.1 Introduction......Page 233
5.2.1 Site indices......Page 236
5.2.2 System indices......Page 241
5.3 Impact system indices......Page 243
References......Page 245
6.2 Economic impact of power quality disturbances......Page 247
6.2.1 Cost of voltage dips in deterministic scenarios......Page 248
6.2.2 Cost of harmonics in deterministic scenarios......Page 252
6.2.3 Cost of voltage dips in probabilistic scenarios......Page 256
6.2.4 Cost of harmonics in probabilistic scenarios......Page 260
6.3.1 USA: a mechanism based on the harmonic-adjusted power factor......Page 263
6.3.2 USA: a proposal based on the service quality index......Page 264
6.3.3 Argentina: a mechanism based on the equivalence between voltage quality and continuity......Page 265
6.3.4 Colombia: a mechanism based on the customer’s perception of the impact of each disturbance......Page 268
6.3.5 Iran: a proposal based on a penalty function depending on the type of customer......Page 269
6.3.6 Italy: a mechanism based on the unified power quality index......Page 271
6.3.7 Various countries: power quality contracts......Page 275
References......Page 279
Index......Page 283
Color plates......Page 291