Power Quality

Table of Contents......Page 0
POWER QUALITY......Page 1
POWER QUALITY......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.2 POWER QUALITY PROGRESSION......Page 12
1.3 POWER QUALITY TERMINOLOGY......Page 13
1.4 POWER QUALITY ISSUES......Page 20
1.5.2 TREATMENT CRITERIA......Page 24
1.5.3 POWER QUALITY WEAK LINK......Page 26
1.5.4 INTERDEPENDENCE......Page 27
1.5.6 POWER QUALITY VS. EQUIPMENT IMMUNITY......Page 28
1.6 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SUPPLIERS AND USERS
OF ELECTRICAL POWER......Page 29
1.7 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS......Page 31
1.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 34
2.2.1 VOLTAGE SAGS......Page 35
2.3.1 ISOLATION TRANSFORMERS......Page 44
3.5.1 ATMOSPHERIC CAUSES......Page 46
2.3.3 STATIC UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SOURCE SYSTEMS......Page 47
2.3.4 ROTARY UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SOURCE UNITS......Page 49
2.4 VOLTAGE TOLERANCE CRITERIA......Page 50
2.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 54
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 55
3.2 TRANSIENT SYSTEM MODEL......Page 56
3.3.1 APPLICATION OF DC VOLTAGE TO A CAPACITOR......Page 58
3.3.2 APPLICATION OF DC VOLTAGE TO AN INDUCTOR......Page 59
3.4 POWER SYSTEM TRANSIENT MODEL......Page 63
3.5 TYPES AND CAUSES OF TRANSIENTS......Page 66
3.5.2 SWITCHING LOADS ON OR OFF......Page 68
4.3 ODD AND EVEN ORDER HARMONICS......Page 70
3.5.4 CAPACITOR BANK SWITCHING......Page 71
3.6.2 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CAPACITOR SWITCHING
TRANSIENT......Page 73
3.6.3 MEDIUM VOLTAGE CAPACITOR BANK SWITCHING TRANSIENT......Page 74
3.6.5 NEUTRAL VOLTAGE SWING......Page 75
3.6.6 SUDDEN APPLICATION OF VOLTAGE......Page 76
3.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 77
4.1 DEFINITION OF HARMONICS......Page 80
5.7 EARTH–GROUND GRID SYSTEMS......Page 85
4.5 CAUSES OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONICS......Page 89
4.6 INDIVIDUAL AND TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION......Page 90
4.7.2 ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES......Page 93
4.8 EFFECT OF HARMONICS ON POWER SYSTEM DEVICES......Page 99
4.8.1 TRANSFORMERS......Page 101
4.8.2 AC MOTORS......Page 103
4.8.3 CAPACITOR BANKS......Page 104
4.8.4 CABLES......Page 108
4.8.6 PROTECTIVE DEVICES......Page 111
4.9 GUIDELINES FOR HARMONIC VOLTAGE AND CURRENT LIMITATION......Page 112
4.10.1 EQUIPMENT DESIGN......Page 113
4.10.2 HARMONIC CURRENT CANCELLATION......Page 114
4.10.3 HARMONIC FILTERS......Page 116
4.11 CONCLUSIONS......Page 117
5.2 SHOCK AND FIRE HAZARDS......Page 119
5.3 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS......Page 121
5.4 ESSENTIALS OF A GROUNDED SYSTEM......Page 122
5.6 EARTH RESISTANCE TESTS......Page 123
5.7.1 GROUND RODS......Page 127
5.7.3 GROUND RING......Page 128
5.8 POWER GROUND SYSTEM......Page 129
5.9 SIGNAL REFERENCE GROUND......Page 86
7.5.3 CONDUCTED EMISSION......Page 132
5.11 SINGLE-POINT AND MULTIPOINT GROUNDING......Page 134
5.12 GROUND LOOPS......Page 135
5.13 ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS DUE TO GROUND GRIDS......Page 136
Case......Page 137
Investigation......Page 138
Case......Page 139
Investigation......Page 88
5.15 CONCLUSIONS......Page 140
6.2 ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER......Page 141
6.5 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION......Page 145
7.3 ELECTRICAL FIELDS......Page 149
6.8 VOLTAGE RISE DUE TO CAPACITANCE......Page 150
6.9 APPLICATION OF SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS......Page 151
7.7 HIGH-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE......Page 152
6.11 CONCLUSIONS......Page 153
7.2 FREQUENCY CLASSIFICATION......Page 154
7.4 MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 156
7.5.1 DECIBEL (DB)......Page 158
7.5.4 ATTENUATION......Page 159
7.5.7 COMMON MODE NOISE......Page 107
7.5.8 TRANSVERSE MODE NOISE......Page 160
7.5.11 SHIELDING......Page 161
7.9 EMI MITIGATION......Page 109
7.8 ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 133
7.9.2 FILTERS FOR CONDUCTED EMISSION......Page 167
7.11 HEALTH CONCERNS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE......Page 169
7.12 CONCLUSIONS......Page 171
8.2 TRIBOELECTRICITY......Page 172
8.3 STATIC VOLTAGE BUILDUP CRITERIA......Page 174
8.5 STATIC CONTROL......Page 176
8.8 ION COMPENSATION......Page 178
8.9 STATIC-PREVENTATIVE CASTERS......Page 179
8.10 STATIC FLOOR REQUIREMENTS......Page 180
8.12 DISCHARGE OF STATIC POTENTIALS......Page 181
8.13 CONCLUSIONS......Page 183
9.2.1 HARMONIC ANALYZERS......Page 184
9.2.2 TRANSIENT-DISTURBANCE ANALYZERS......Page 186
9.2.3 OSCILLOSCOPES......Page 190
9.2.4 DATA LOGGERS AND CHART RECORDERS......Page 192
9.2.5 TRUE RMS METERS......Page 194
9.3 POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS......Page 195
9.5 TEST DURATION......Page 198
9.6 INSTRUMENT SETUP......Page 200
9.7 INSTRUMENT SETUP GUIDELINES......Page 201
9.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 202