Power-plant control and instrumentation : the control of boilers and HRSG systems

Front Matter......Page 1
Diagrammatic Symbols......Page 7
Abbreviations and Terms Used in this Book......Page 8
Preface......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 11
1.1 Why an Understanding of Steam is Needed......Page 14
1.2 Boiling: the Change of State from Water to Steam......Page 15
1.3 The Nature of Steam......Page 17
1.4 Thermal Efficiency......Page 22
1.5 The Gas Turbine and Combined-Cycle Plants......Page 23
1.7 References......Page 25
2.1 Steam Generation and Use......Page 26
2.2 The Steam Turbine......Page 28
2.3 The Condensate and Feed-Water System......Page 30
2.5 The Water and Steam Circuits of HRSG Plant......Page 34
2.6 Summary......Page 36
3.1 The Furnace......Page 37
3.2 The Air and Gas Circuits......Page 39
3.3 Fuel Systems......Page 47
3.4 Igniter Systems......Page 56
3.5 Burner-Management Systems......Page 57
3.7 Summary......Page 58
3.8 References......Page 59
4.1 Nature of the Demand......Page 60
4.2 Setting the Demand in Power-Station Applications......Page 61
4.3 The Master Demand in a Power-Station Application......Page 64
4.4 Load Demand in Combined Heat and Power Plants......Page 70
4.5 Waste-to-Energy Plants......Page 71
4.6 Summary......Page 72
5. Combustion and Draught Control......Page 73
5.1 The Principles of Combustion Control......Page 74
5.2 Working with Multiple Fuels......Page 89
5.3 The Control of Coal Mills......Page 91
5.4 Draught Control......Page 101
5.5 Binary Control of the Combustion System......Page 105
5.7 References......Page 110
6.2 One, Two and Three-Element Control......Page 112
6.3 Measuring and Displaying the Drum Level......Page 121
6.4 The Mechanisms Used for Feed-Water Control......Page 130
6.5 Pumps......Page 136
6.6 De-Aerator Control......Page 140
6.7 Summary......Page 143
7.1 Why Steam-Temperature Control is Needed......Page 144
7.2 The Spray-Water Attemperator......Page 145
7.3 Temperature Control with Tilting Burners......Page 159
7.4 Controlling the Temperature of Reheated Steam......Page 160
7.6 Summary......Page 161
8.1 A Typical DCS Configuration......Page 162
8.2 Interconnections Between the Systems......Page 166
8.3 Equipment Selection and Environment......Page 167
8.4 Mechanical Factors and Ergonomics......Page 168
8.6 Hydraulic Actuators......Page 177
8.8 Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 178
8.9 Reliability of Systems......Page 181
8.10 Summary......Page 189
8.11 References......Page 190
9.2 Defining the Requirements......Page 191
9.3 The KKS Equipment Identification System......Page 194
9.4 Summary......Page 203
9.5 References......Page 204
10. Upgrading and Refurbishment Systems......Page 205
10.1 The Reasons Behind the Changes......Page 206
10.2 Living with Change......Page 207
10.3 Making the Decision to Change......Page 209
10.4 A Refurbishment Case Study......Page 210
10.5 Why Refurbish?......Page 212
10.7 Summary......Page 213
Further Reading......Page 216
B......Page 220
D......Page 221
E......Page 222
G......Page 223
L......Page 224
P......Page 225
R......Page 226
S......Page 227
T......Page 228
Z......Page 229