Power electronics: devices, circuits and applications

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 18
About the Author......Page 24
Chapter 1 Introduction......Page 26
 1.1 Applications of Power Electronics......Page 27
 1.2 History of Power Electronics......Page 29
 1.3 Types of Power Electronic Circuits......Page 31
 1.4 Design of Power Electronics Equipment......Page 35
 1.5 Determining the Root-Mean-Square Values of Waveforms......Page 36
 1.6 Peripheral Effects......Page 37
  1.7.1 Ideal Characteristics......Page 40
  1.7.2 Characteristics of Practical Devices......Page 41
  1.7.3 Switch Specifications......Page 43
 1.8 Power Semiconductor Devices......Page 44
 1.10 Device Choices ......Page 50
 1.12 Intelligent Modules......Page 54
 1.13 Power Electronics Journals and Conferences......Page 56
 References......Page 57
 Problems......Page 58
Chapter 2 Power Diodes and Switched RLC Circuits......Page 60
 2.2 Semiconductor Basics......Page 61
 2.3 Diode Characteristics......Page 63
 2.4 Reverse Recovery Characteristics......Page 66
  2.5.1 General-Purpose Diodes......Page 69
  2.5.2 Fast-Recovery Diodes......Page 70
 2.6 Silicon Carbide Diodes......Page 71
 2.7 Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes......Page 72
 2.8 Spice Diode Model......Page 73
 2.9 Series-Connected Diodes......Page 74
 2.10 Parallel-Connected Diodes......Page 78
 2.11 Diode Switched RC Load ......Page 79
 2.12 Diode Switched RL Load ......Page 81
 2.13 Diode Switched LC Load ......Page 83
 2.14 Diode Switched RLC Load......Page 86
 2.15 Frewheeling Diodes with Switched RL Load......Page 90
 2.16 Recovery of Trapped Energy with a Diode......Page 93
 References......Page 97
 Problems......Page 98
Chapter 3 Diode Rectifiers......Page 104
 3.2 Performance Parameters......Page 105
 3.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers ......Page 107
 3.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with RL Load......Page 110
 3.5 Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier with a HighlyInductive Load ......Page 117
 3.6 Multiphase Star Rectifiers......Page 119
 3.7 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers......Page 123
 3.8 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier with RL Load......Page 127
 3.9 Three-Phase Rectifier with a Highly Inductive Load......Page 131
 3.11 Rectifier Circuit Design......Page 133
 3.12 Output Voltage with LC Filter ......Page 145
 3.13 Effects of Source and Load Inductances......Page 149
  3.14.1 AC Film Capacitors......Page 152
  3.14.3 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors......Page 153
 References......Page 154
 Problems......Page 155
Chapter 4 Power Transistors......Page 159
 4.1 Introduction......Page 160
 4.2 Silicon Carbide Transistors......Page 161
 4.3 Power MOSFETs......Page 162
  4.3.1 Steady-State Characteristics......Page 165
  4.3.2 Switching Characteristics......Page 168
  4.3.3 Silicon Carbide MOSFETs......Page 170
 4.4 COOLMOS......Page 172
  4.5.1 Operation and Characteristics of JFETs......Page 174
  4.5.2 Silicon Carbide JFET Structures......Page 178
 4.6 Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 181
  4.6.1 Steady-State Characteristics......Page 182
  4.6.2 Switching Characteristics......Page 186
  4.6.3 Switching Limits......Page 193
  4.6.4 Silicon Carbide BJTs ......Page 194
 4.7 IGBTs ......Page 195
  4.7.1 Silicon Carbide IGBTs......Page 198
 4.8 SITs ......Page 199
 4.10 Power Derating of Power Transistors......Page 200
 4.11 di/dt and dv/dt Limitations......Page 204
 4.12 Series and Parallel Operation......Page 207
  4.13.1 BJT SPICE Model......Page 209
  4.13.2 MOSFET SPICE Model ......Page 211
  4.13.3 IGBT SPICE Model ......Page 212
 4.14 MOSFET Gate Drive ......Page 214
 4.15 JFET Gate Drives ......Page 216
 4.16 BJT Base Drive ......Page 217
 4.17 Isolation of Gate and Base Drives......Page 222
  4.17.2 Optocouplers ......Page 224
 4.18 GATE-DRIVE ICs......Page 225
 Summary......Page 227
 References......Page 228
 Review Questions......Page 231
 Problems ......Page 233
Chapter 5 DC–DC Converters ......Page 235
 5.2 Performance Parameters of DC–DC Converters ......Page 236
 5.4 Step-Down Converter with RL Load......Page 0
 5.5 Principle of Step-Up Operation......Page 247
 5.6 Step-Up Converter with a Resistive Load ......Page 250
 5.7 Frequency Limiting Parameters ......Page 252
 5.8 Converter Classification ......Page 253
 5.9 Switching-Mode Regulators ......Page 257
  5.9.1 Buck Regulators ......Page 258
  5.9.2 Boost Regulators......Page 262
  5.9.3 Buck–Boost Regulators ......Page 266
  5.9.4 Cúk Regulators ......Page 270
  5.9.5 Limitations of Single-Stage Conversion ......Page 276
 5.10 Comparison of Regulators ......Page 277
 5.11 Multioutput Boost Converter ......Page 278
 5.12 Diode Rectifier-Fed Boost Converter ......Page 281
 5.13 Averaging Models of Converters......Page 283
 5.14 State–Space Analysis of Regulators......Page 289
 5.15 Design Considerations for Input Filter and Converters ......Page 293
 5.16 Drive IC for Converters ......Page 298
 Summary ......Page 300
 References......Page 302
 Problems ......Page 304
Chapter 6 DC–AC Converters ......Page 307
 6.2 Performance Parameters ......Page 308
 6.3 Principle of Operation ......Page 310
 6.4 Single-Phase Bridge Inverters ......Page 314
 6.5 Three-Phase Inverters ......Page 320
  6.5.1 180-Degree Conduction ......Page 321
  6.5.2 120-Degree Conduction ......Page 328
  6.6.1 Multiple-Pulse-Width Modulation ......Page 331
  6.6.2 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation ......Page 334
  6.6.3 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation ......Page 337
  6.6.4 Phase-Displacement Control ......Page 340
 6.7 Voltage Control of Three-Phase Inverters ......Page 341
  6.7.1 Sinusoidal PWM ......Page 342
  6.7.3 Third-Harmonic PWM ......Page 345
  6.7.4 Space Vector Modulation ......Page 348
 6.8 Harmonic Reductions ......Page 360
 6.9 Current-Source Inverters ......Page 365
 6.10 Variable DC-Link Inverter ......Page 367
 6.11 Boost Inverter ......Page 369
 6.12 Inverter Circuit Design ......Page 374
 References......Page 379
 Problems ......Page 381
Chapter 7 Resonant Pulse Inverters ......Page 386
 7.2 Series Resonant Inverters ......Page 387
  7.2.1 Series Resonant Inverters with UnidirectionalSwitches......Page 388
  7.2.2 Series Resonant Inverters with Bidirectional Switches ......Page 397
  7.3.1 Frequency Response for Series Loaded......Page 403
  7.3.2 Frequency Response for Parallel Loaded......Page 406
  7.3.3 Frequency Response for Series–Parallel Loaded ......Page 408
 7.4 Parallel Resonant Inverters ......Page 409
 7.5 Voltage Control of Resonant Inverters ......Page 413
 7.6 Class E Resonant Inverter ......Page 415
 7.7 Class E Resonant Rectifier......Page 419
 7.8 Zero-Current-Switching Resonant Converters ......Page 423
  7.8.1 L-Type ZCS Resonant Converter ......Page 424
 7.9 Zero-Voltage-Switching Resonant Converters ......Page 427
 7.10 Comparisons Between ZCS and ZVS Resonant Converters ......Page 431
 7.11 Two-Quadrant ZVS Resonant Converters ......Page 432
 7.12 Resonant DC-Link Inverters ......Page 434
 Summary ......Page 438
 Review Questions ......Page 439
 Problems ......Page 440
 8.1 Introduction ......Page 442
 8.2 Multilevel Concept ......Page 443
 8.4 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter ......Page 445
  8.4.1 Principle of Operation ......Page 446
  8.4.2 Features of Diode-Clamped Inverter ......Page 447
  8.4.3 Improved Diode-Clamped Inverter ......Page 449
  8.5.1 Principle of Operation ......Page 451
  8.5.2 Features of Flying-Capacitors Inverter ......Page 453
  8.6.1 Principle of Operation ......Page 454
  8.6.2 Features of Cascaded Inverter ......Page 456
  8.7.1 Reactive Power Compensation ......Page 458
  8.7.3 Adjustable Speed Drives ......Page 460
 8.8 Switching Device Currents......Page 461
 8.9 DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Balancing ......Page 462
 8.10 Features of Multilevel Inverters ......Page 463
 8.11 Comparisons of Multilevel Converters ......Page 464
 References ......Page 465
 Problems ......Page 466
 9.1 Introduction ......Page 468
 9.2 Thyristor Characteristics ......Page 469
 9.3 Two-Transistor Model of Thyristor ......Page 472
 9.4 Thyristor Turn-On ......Page 474
 9.5 Thyristor Turn-Off......Page 476
  9.6.1 Phase-Controlled Thyristors ......Page 478
  9.6.2 Bidirectional Phase-Controlled Thyristors ......Page 479
  9.6.3 Fast-Switching Asymmetrical Thyristors ......Page 480
  9.6.5 Bidirectional Triode Thyristors ......Page 481
  9.6.7 Gate Turn-off Thyristors ......Page 482
  9.6.8 FET-Controlled Thyristors ......Page 487
  9.6.9 MTOs ......Page 488
  9.6.10 ETOs......Page 489
  9.6.11 IGCTs ......Page 490
  9.6.12 MCTs ......Page 491
  9.6.13 SITHs ......Page 494
  9.6.14 Comparisons of Thyristors ......Page 495
 9.7 Series Operation of Thyristors......Page 500
 9.8 Parallel Operation of Thyristors ......Page 503
 9.9 di/dt Protection ......Page 504
 9.10 dv/dt Protection ......Page 505
 9.11.1 Thyristor SPICE Model ......Page 507
 9.11.2 GTO SPICE Model ......Page 509
 9.12 DIACs ......Page 511
 9.13 Thyristor Firing Circuits ......Page 514
 9.14 Unijunction Transistor ......Page 517
 9.15 Programmable Unijunction Transistor ......Page 519
 Summary ......Page 521
 References ......Page 522
 Review Questions......Page 525
 Problems ......Page 526
Chapter 10 Controlled Rectifiers ......Page 528
 10.2 Single-Phase Full Converters ......Page 529
  10.2.1 Single-Phase Full Converter with RL Load ......Page 533
 10.3 Single-Phase Dual Converters ......Page 536
 10.4 Three-Phase Full Converters ......Page 539
  10.4.1 Three-Phase Full Converter with RL Load ......Page 543
 10.5 Three-Phase Dual Converters ......Page 545
 10.6 Pulse-Width-Modulation Control ......Page 548
  10.6.1 PWM Control ......Page 549
  10.6.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM ......Page 551
  10.6.3 Three-Phase PWM Rectifier ......Page 552
 10.7 Single-Phase Series Converters ......Page 556
 10.8 Twelve-Pulse Converters ......Page 559
 10.9 Design of Converter Circuits ......Page 561
 10.10 Effects of Load and Source Inductances......Page 567
 References ......Page 569
 Problems ......Page 571
Chapter 11 AC Voltage Controllers ......Page 577
 11.1 Introduction ......Page 578
 11.2 Performance Parameters of AC Voltage Controllers ......Page 579
 11.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with ResistiveLoads ......Page 580
 11.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controllers with Inductive Loads ......Page 584
 11.5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Controllers ......Page 588
 11.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Delta-Connected Controllers ......Page 593
 11.7 Single-Phase Transformer Connection Changers ......Page 597
 11.8.1 Single-Phase Cycloconverters ......Page 602
 11.8.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverters ......Page 605
 11.8.3 Reduction of Output Harmonics ......Page 606
 11.9 AC Voltage Controllers with PWM Control ......Page 609
Chapter 12 Flexible AC Transmission Systems......Page 627
 12.1 Introduction ......Page 628
 12.2 Principle of Power Transmission ......Page 629
 12.3 Principle of Shunt Compensation......Page 631
  12.4.1 Thyristor-Controlled Reactor ......Page 633
  12.4.2 Thyristor-Switched Capacitor ......Page 634
  12.4.3 Static VAR Compensator ......Page 637
  12.4.4 Advanced Static VAR Compensator ......Page 638
 12.5 Principle of Series Compensation ......Page 640
  12.6.1 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor ......Page 642
  12.6.2 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor......Page 644
  12.6.3 Forced-Commutation-Controlled Series Capacitor ......Page 645
  12.6.5 Advanced SSVC ......Page 646
 12.7 Principle of Phase-Angle Compensation ......Page 649
 12.8 Phase-Angle Compensator ......Page 652
 12.9 Unified Power Flow Controller ......Page 653
 12.10 Comparisons of Compensators......Page 654
 References......Page 656
 Problems ......Page 657
Chapter 13 Power Supplies ......Page 659
 13.2 Dc Power Supplies ......Page 660
  13.2.2 Flyback Converter ......Page 661
  13.2.3 Forward Converter......Page 665
  13.2.4 Push–Pull Converter ......Page 670
  13.2.5 Half-Bridge Converter ......Page 672
  13.2.6 Full-Bridge Converter ......Page 675
  13.2.7 Resonant Dc Power Supplies ......Page 678
 13.3 Ac Power Supplies ......Page 680
  13.3.2 Resonant Ac Power Supplies ......Page 682
  13.3.3 Bidirectional Ac Power Supplies......Page 683
 13.4 Multistage Conversions ......Page 684
 13.5 Control Circuits ......Page 685
  13.6.1 Transformer Design ......Page 689
  13.6.2 Dc Inductor ......Page 693
  13.6.3 Magnetic Saturation ......Page 694
 References ......Page 695
 Problems ......Page 696
Chapter 14 Dc Drives ......Page 700
 14.1 Introduction ......Page 701
  14.2.1 Separately Excited Dc Motor ......Page 702
  14.2.2 Series-Excited Dc Motor ......Page 705
  14.2.3 Gear Ratio ......Page 707
 14.3 Operating Modes ......Page 709
 14.4 Single-Phase Drives ......Page 711
  14.4.1 Single-Phase Semiconverter Drives ......Page 713
  14.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Converter Drives ......Page 714
  14.4.3 Single-Phase Dual-Converter Drives......Page 715
  14.5.2 Three-Phase Full-Converter Drives......Page 719
  14.5.3 Three-Phase Dual-Converter Drives......Page 720
  14.6.1 Principle of Power Control ......Page 723
  14.6.2 Principle of Regenerative Brake Control......Page 725
  14.6.3 Principle of Rheostatic Brake Control ......Page 728
  14.6.4 Principle of Combined Regenerative and Rheostatic BrakeControl......Page 729
  14.6.5 Two- and Four-Quadrant Dc–dc Converter Drives ......Page 730
  14.6.6 Multiphase Dc–dc Converters ......Page 731
  14.7.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function ......Page 734
  14.7.2 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Separately Excited Motors ......Page 735
  14.7.3 Open-Loop Transfer Function of Series Excited Motors......Page 738
  14.7.4 Converter Control Models ......Page 740
  14.7.5 Closed-Loop Transfer Function ......Page 742
  14.7.6 Closed-Loop Current Control ......Page 745
  14.7.7 Design of Current Controller ......Page 749
  14.7.8 Design of Speed Controller ......Page 750
  14.7.9 Dc–dc Converter-Fed Drive ......Page 754
  14.7.10 Phase-Locked-Loop Control......Page 755
  14.7.11 Microcomputer Control of Dc Drives ......Page 757
 References ......Page 759
 Review Questions ......Page 760
 Problems ......Page 761
Chapter 15 Ac Drives ......Page 765
 15.2 Induction Motor Drives ......Page 766
  15.2.1 Performance Characteristics ......Page 768
  15.2.2 Torque–Speed Characteristics ......Page 770
  15.2.3 Stator Voltage Control ......Page 775
  15.2.4 Rotor Voltage Control ......Page 779
  15.2.5 Frequency Control ......Page 788
  15.2.6 Voltage and Frequency Control ......Page 790
  15.2.7 Current Control ......Page 795
  15.2.8 Constant Slip-Speed Control ......Page 800
  15.2.9 Voltage, Current, and Frequency Control ......Page 801
 15.3 Closed-Loop Control of Induction Motors ......Page 803
 15.4 Dimensioning the Control Variables ......Page 807
  15.5.1 Basic Principle of Vector Control ......Page 809
  15.5.2 Direct and Quadrature-Axis Transformation ......Page 811
  15.5.3 Indirect Vector Control......Page 816
  15.5.4 Direct Vector Control......Page 820
 15.6 Synchronous Motor Drives ......Page 822
  15.6.1 Cylindrical Rotor Motors ......Page 823
  15.6.2 Salient-Pole Motors ......Page 826
  15.6.3 Reluctance Motors ......Page 827
  15.6.4 Switched Reluctance Motors ......Page 828
  15.6.5 Permanent-Magnet Motors ......Page 830
  15.6.6 Closed-Loop Control of Synchronous Motors ......Page 833
  15.6.7 Brushless Dc and Ac Motor Drives ......Page 835
  15.7.1 System Block Diagram ......Page 837
  15.7.2 Current Loop ......Page 839
  15.7.3 Speed Controller ......Page 840
  15.8.1 Variable-Reluctance Stepper Motors ......Page 843
  15.8.2 Permanent-Magnet Stepper Motors ......Page 846
 15.9 Linear Induction Motors ......Page 850
 15.10 High-Voltage IC for Motor Drives ......Page 853
 Summary ......Page 858
 References......Page 859
 Review Questions ......Page 860
 Problems ......Page 861
Chapter 16 Introduction to Renewable Energy......Page 865
 16.1 Introduction ......Page 866
 16.2 Energy and Power ......Page 867
 16.3 Renewable Energy Generation System ......Page 868
  16.3.1 Turbine ......Page 869
  16.3.2 Thermal Cycle ......Page 870
  16.4.1 Solar Energy ......Page 872
  16.4.3 Photovoltaic Cells ......Page 875
  16.4.4 PV Models ......Page 876
  16.4.5 Photovoltaic Systems ......Page 882
  16.5.1 Wind Turbines ......Page 885
  16.5.2 Turbine Power ......Page 886
  16.5.3 Speed and Pitch Control ......Page 889
  16.5.4 Power Curve......Page 890
  16.5.5 Wind Energy Systems ......Page 891
  16.5.6 Doubly Fed Induction Generators ......Page 894
  16.5.7 Squirrel-Cage Induction Generators ......Page 895
  16.5.8 Synchronous Generators ......Page 896
  16.5.9 Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators ......Page 897
  16.5.11 Comparisons of the Wind Turbine Power Configurations ......Page 898
  16.6.1 Wave Energy......Page 899
  16.6.2 Mechanism of Wave Generation ......Page 900
  16.6.3 Wave Power ......Page 901
  16.6.4 Tidal Energy......Page 904
  16.6.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ......Page 906
  16.7.1 Large-Scale Hydropower ......Page 907
  16.7.2 Small-Scale Hydropower ......Page 908
 16.8 Fuel Cells ......Page 911
  16.8.1 Hydrogen Generation and Fuel Cells ......Page 912
  16.8.2 Types of Fuel Cells ......Page 913
  16.8.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) ......Page 914
  16.8.4 Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) ......Page 915
  16.8.5 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC) ......Page 917
  16.8.6 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)......Page 918
  16.8.7 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) ......Page 919
  16.8.8 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) ......Page 920
  16.8.9 Thermal and Electrical Processes of Fuel Cells ......Page 921
 16.10 Biomass Energy ......Page 925
 References......Page 926
 Review Questions ......Page 927
 Problems ......Page 928
 17.1 Introduction ......Page 932
 17.2 Cooling and Heat Sinks ......Page 933
 17.3 Thermal Modeling of Power Switching Devices ......Page 938
  17.3.1 Electrical Equivalent Thermal Model ......Page 939
  17.3.2 Mathematical Thermal Equivalent Circuit ......Page 941
  17.3.3 Coupling of Electrical and Thermal Components ......Page 942
 17.4 Snubber Circuits ......Page 944
 17.5 Reverse Recovery Transients ......Page 945
 17.6 Supply- and Load-Side Transients ......Page 951
 17.7 Voltage Protection by Selenium Diodes and Metaloxide Varistors ......Page 954
  17.8.1 Fusing ......Page 956
  17.8.2 Fault Current with Ac Source ......Page 959
  17.8.3 Fault Current with Dc Source ......Page 961
 17.9 Electromagnetic Interference ......Page 964
  17.9.2 Minimizing EMI Generation ......Page 965
  17.9.4 EMI Standards......Page 966
 Summary ......Page 967
 Review Questions ......Page 968
 Problems ......Page 969
Appendix A Three-Phase Circuits......Page 972
Appendix B Magnetic Circuits ......Page 976
Appendix C Switching Functions of Converters......Page 984
Appendix D DC Transient Analysis ......Page 990
Appendix E Fourier Analysis ......Page 994
Appendix F Reference Frame Transformation ......Page 997
Bibliography ......Page 1001
Answers to Selected Problems ......Page 1004
 C......Page 1015
 F......Page 1017
 I......Page 1018
 P......Page 1019
 R......Page 1020
 T......Page 1021
 U......Page 1022
 Z......Page 1023