Power Electronics Handbook

Preface......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Power Electronics Defined......Page 15
Key Characteristics......Page 16
Conversion Examples......Page 18
Tools for Analysis and Design......Page 21
References......Page 27
Power Electronics Devices......Page 29
Properties of PN Junction......Page 30
Typical Diode Ratings......Page 32
Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes......Page 34
Typical Applications of Diodes......Page 37
Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection......Page 39
References......Page 40
Power Bipolar Transistors......Page 41
Basic Structure and Operation......Page 42
Static Characteristics......Page 43
Dynamic Switching Characteristics......Page 46
Transistor Base Drive Applications......Page 47
SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 50
BJT Applications......Page 51
Reading......Page 53
Power MOSFET......Page 54
Switching in Power Electronic Circuits......Page 55
General Switching Characteristics......Page 57
The Power MOSFET......Page 61
References......Page 82
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor......Page 83
Basic Structure and Operation......Page 84
Static Characteristics......Page 86
Dynamic Switching Characteristics......Page 88
IGBT Performance Parameters......Page 90
Gate Drive Requirements......Page 92
Circuit Models......Page 94
Applications......Page 97
Reading......Page 99
Thyristors......Page 101
Basic Structure and Operation......Page 102
Static Characteristics......Page 104
Dynamic Switching Characteristics......Page 107
Thyristor Parameters......Page 111
Types of Thyristors......Page 113
Gate Drive Requirements......Page 118
PSpice Model......Page 121
Applications......Page 122
Reading......Page 126
Basic Structure and Operation......Page 127
GTO Thyristor Models......Page 128
Static Characteristics......Page 129
Switching Phases......Page 130
SPICE GTO Model......Page 132
References......Page 133
MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs)......Page 134
Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics......Page 135
Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices......Page 136
Protection of MCTs......Page 137
Base Resistance-controlled Thyristor [14]......Page 138
Applications of PMCT......Page 139
References......Page 141
Theory of Static Induction Devices......Page 143
Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor......Page 144
Bipolar Mode Operation of SI devices (BSIT)......Page 145
Static Induction Diode......Page 147
Static Induction Transistor Logic......Page 148
Static Induction MOS Transistor......Page 149
Power MOS Transistors......Page 150
Static Induction Thyristor......Page 151
Summary......Page 152
References......Page 153
Power Conversion......Page 154
Single-phase Diode Rectifiers......Page 155
Three-phase Diode Rectifiers......Page 160
Poly-phase Diode Rectifiers......Page 165
Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits......Page 168
High-frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits......Page 172
Reading......Page 187
Line-commutated Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers......Page 188
Unity Power Factor Single-phase Rectifiers......Page 197
References......Page 208
Line-commutated Controlled Rectifiers......Page 210
Force-commutated Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers......Page 230
Reading......Page 251
DC–DC Converters......Page 253
DC Choppers......Page 254
Step-down (Buck) Converter......Page 255
Step-up (Boost) Converter......Page 258
Buck–Boost Converter......Page 259
` Cuk Converter......Page 260
Effects of Parasitics......Page 261
Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters......Page 262
Control Principles......Page 263
Applications of DC–DC Converters......Page 266
Reading......Page 267
DC/DC Conversion Technique & Twelve Series Luo-Converters......Page 268
Fundamental, Developed, Transformer-type, and Self-lift Converters......Page 270
Voltage-lift Luo-converters......Page 278
Double Output Luo-converters......Page 291
Super-lift Luo-converters......Page 295
Ultra-lift Luo-converters......Page 306
Multiple-quadrant Operating Luo-converters......Page 308
Switched-capacitor Multi-quadrant Luo-converters......Page 313
Multiple-lift Push–Pull Switched-capacitor Luo-converters......Page 322
Switched-inductor Multi-quadrant Operation Luo-converters......Page 325
Multi-quadrant ZCS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters......Page 330
Multi-quadrant ZVS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters......Page 334
Synchronous-rectifier DC/DC Luo-converters......Page 338
Multiple-element Resonant Power Converters......Page 342
Gate Control Luo-resonator......Page 349
Applications......Page 350
Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters......Page 352
Reading......Page 357
Inverters......Page 360
Single-phase Voltage Source Inverters......Page 362
Three-phase Voltage Source Inverters......Page 370
Current Source Inverters......Page 378
Closed-loop Operation of Inverters......Page 386
Regeneration in Inverters......Page 393
Multistage Inverters......Page 397
Further Reading......Page 409
Effects of PWM-type of Voltage Waveforms......Page 410
Resonant & Soft-switching Converters......Page 412
Resonant Switch......Page 414
Quasi-resonant Converters......Page 415
ZVS in High Frequency Applications......Page 419
Multi-resonant Converters (MRC)......Page 422
Load Resonant Converters......Page 428
Control Circuits for Resonant Converters......Page 432
Extended-period Quasi-resonant (EP-QR) Converters......Page 434
Soft-switching and EMI Suppression......Page 441
Snubbers and Soft-switching for High Power Devices......Page 442
Soft-switching DC–AC Power Inverters......Page 443
References......Page 455
Multilevel Power Converters......Page 457
Multilevel Power Converter Structures......Page 458
Multilevel Converter PWM Modulation Strategies......Page 465
Multilevel Converter Design Example......Page 476
Renewable Energy Interface......Page 484
References......Page 486
AC–AC Converters......Page 489
Single-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controller......Page 490
Three-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controllers......Page 494
Cycloconverters......Page 497
Matrix Converter......Page 509
Applications of AC–AC Converters......Page 516
References......Page 520
Power Factor Correction Circuits......Page 524
Definition of PF and THD......Page 525
Power Factor Correction......Page 527
CCM Shaping Technique......Page 532
DCM Input Technique......Page 537
Summary......Page 545
Reading......Page 546
Gate Drive Circuitry for Power Converters......Page 549
Semiconductor Drive Requirements......Page 550
Gate Drivers for Power Converters......Page 551
Gate Driver Circuit Implementation......Page 555
Current Technologies......Page 559
References......Page 564
General Applications......Page 565
Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications......Page 566
Resonance Charging......Page 567
Switching Converters......Page 569
References......Page 571
Electronic Ballasts......Page 572
High Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps......Page 578
Discharge Lamp Modeling......Page 582
Resonant Inverters for Electronic Ballasts......Page 585
High-Power Factor Electronic Ballasts......Page 593
Applications......Page 596
References......Page 597
Power Supplies......Page 599
Linear Series Voltage Regulator......Page 601
Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator......Page 604
Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators......Page 606
Switching Regulators......Page 608
Reading......Page 624
Classifications......Page 625
Performance Evaluation......Page 632
Applications......Page 633
Control Techniques......Page 634
Energy Storage Devices......Page 636
Further Reading......Page 638
Automotive Applications of Power Electronics......Page 640
System Environment......Page 641
Functions Enabled by Power Electronics......Page 646
Multiplexed Load Control......Page 649
Electromechanical Power Conversion......Page 651
Dual/High Voltage Automotive Electrical Systems......Page 657
Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles......Page 660
References......Page 662
Solid State Pulsed Power Electronics......Page 665
Power Semiconductors for Pulsed Power......Page 666
Load Types and Requirements......Page 677
Solid-State Pulsed Power Topologies......Page 679
Conclusions and Future Trends......Page 699
References......Page 701
Power Generation & Distribution......Page 704
Solar Cell Characteristics......Page 705
Photovoltaic Technology Operation......Page 707
MPPT Controlling Algorithms......Page 709
Photovoltaic Systems’ Components......Page 711
PV System Design......Page 714
References......Page 715
Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources......Page 717
Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems......Page 718
Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems......Page 744
References......Page 758
High-Frequency Inverters......Page 761
Low-Cost Single-Stage Inverter [2]......Page 763
Ripple-Mitigating Inverter [3, 4]......Page 767
Universal Power Conditioner [1]......Page 771
Hybrid-Modulation-Based Multiphase HFL High-Power Inverter [5–8]......Page 779
References......Page 783
Wind Energy Conversion Systems......Page 784
Power Electronic Converters for Variable Speed Wind Turbines......Page 790
Multilevel Converter for Very High Power Wind Turbines......Page 804
Electrical System of a Wind Farm......Page 808
Future Trends......Page 809
Nomenclature......Page 812
References......Page 813
HVDC Transmission......Page 816
Main Components of HVDC Converter Station......Page 822
Controls and Protection......Page 825
MTDC Operation......Page 833
Application......Page 834
Modern Trends......Page 836
HVDC System Simulation Techniques......Page 839
Concluding Remarks......Page 841
References......Page 842
Introduction......Page 843
Ideal Shunt Compensator......Page 844
Ideal Series Compensator......Page 845
Synthesis of FACTS Devices......Page 848
Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-Based HVDC Transmission......Page 865
References......Page 868
Motor Drives......Page 870
Drives Types & Specifications......Page 871
Drives Requirements & Specifications......Page 875
Drive Classifications and Characteristics......Page 877
Load Profiles and Characteristics......Page 883
Variable Speed Drive Topologies......Page 885
PWM-VSI DRIVE......Page 891
Applications......Page 899
Summary......Page 902
Reading......Page 903
Motor Drives......Page 904
DC Motor Drives......Page 906
Induction Motor Drives......Page 912
Synchronous Motor Drives......Page 924
Permanent-magnet AC Synchronous Motor Drives......Page 932
Permanent-magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives......Page 938
Servo Drives......Page 949
Stepper Motor Drives......Page 954
Switched-reluctance Motor Drives......Page 962
Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives......Page 973
Reading......Page 979
Novel AI-based Soft Computing Applications in Motor Drives......Page 981
Single Objective Genetic Optimization Search Algorithm (SOGA)......Page 982
Single Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (SOPSO)......Page 983
Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO)......Page 985
Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (MOPSO)......Page 986
GA and PSO Applications in Speed Control of Motor Drives......Page 988
References......Page 1021
Control......Page 1023
Advanced Control of Switching Power Converters......Page 1024
Switching Power Converter Control Using State-Space Averaged Models......Page 1025
Sliding-Mode Control of Switching Power Converters......Page 1045
Predictive Optimum Control of Switching Power Converters......Page 1088
Fuzzy Logic Control of Switching Power Converters......Page 1093
Conclusions......Page 1098
References......Page 1099
Fuzzy Logic Applications in Electrical Drives and Power Electronics......Page 1101
PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Structure......Page 1102
FNN PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Architecture......Page 1105
Learning Algorithm-Based EKF......Page 1106
Fuzzy PID Control Design-Based Genetic Optimization......Page 1107
Genetic-Based Autotuning of Fuzzy-PID Controller......Page 1110
Fuzzy & H-∞ Control Design......Page 1111
Fuzzy Control Design for Switch-Mode Power Converters......Page 1115
Optimum Topology of the Fuzzy Controller......Page 1117
Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Control System for DC–DC Converters......Page 1119
Reading......Page 1123
ANN Applications in Power Electronics & Electrical Drives......Page 1124
Conventional and Neural Function Approximators......Page 1125
ANN-based Estimation in Induction Motor Drives......Page 1126
ANN-based Controls in Motor Drives......Page 1134
ANN-based Controls in Power Converters......Page 1138
Reading......Page 1139
DSP-based Control of Variable Speed Drives......Page 1140
General Structure of a Three-phase AC Motor Controller......Page 1141
DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machines......Page 1146
DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines......Page 1150
DSP-based Vector Control of Induction Motors......Page 1155
Power Quality & EMI Issues......Page 1162
Power Quality......Page 1163
Power Quality......Page 1164
Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation......Page 1171
IEEE Standards......Page 1173
Conclusions......Page 1175
Reading......Page 1176
Active Filters......Page 1177
Types of Active Power Filters......Page 1178
Shunt Active Power Filters......Page 1179
Series Active Power Filters......Page 1195
Hybrid Active Power Filters......Page 1204
Reading......Page 1211
Power Converters as Sources of EMI......Page 1213
Measurements of Conducted EMI......Page 1216
EMI Filters......Page 1218
Random Pulse Width Modulation......Page 1223
Other Means of Noise Suppression......Page 1225
EMC Standards......Page 1227
References......Page 1228
Simulation & Packaging......Page 1230
Use of Simulation Tools for Design and Analysis......Page 1231
Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits with PSpice......Page 1232
Simulations of Power Electronic Circuits and Electric Machines......Page 1238
Simulations of AC Induction Machines Using Field Oriented (Vector) Control......Page 1241
Simulation of Sensorless Vector Control Using PSpice......Page 1245
Simulations Using Simplorer......Page 1251
Conclusions......Page 1254
References......Page 1255
Packaging and Smart Power Systems......Page 1256
Functional Integration......Page 1257
Assessing Partitioning Technologies......Page 1258
Cost-driven Partitioning [5]......Page 1262
Technology-driven Partitioning......Page 1263
Example 2.2 kW Motor Drive Design......Page 1264
High Temperature (HT) Packaging [6]......Page 1266
Reading......Page 1267
Energy Sources, Storage & Transmission......Page 1268
Energy Sources......Page 1269
Available Energy Sources......Page 1274
Electric Energy Generation Technologies......Page 1276
Conclusions......Page 1303
References......Page 1304
Energy Storage Elements......Page 1311
Modeling of Energy Storage Devices......Page 1315
Hybridization of Energy Storage Systems......Page 1321
Energy Management and Control Strategies......Page 1323
Power Electronics for Energy Storage Systems......Page 1325
Practical Case Studies......Page 1328
References......Page 1335
Generators and Transformers......Page 1337
Transmission Line......Page 1339
Factors That Limit Power Transfer in Transmission Line......Page 1340
Effect of Temperature on Conductor Sag or Tension......Page 1343
Optimizing Power Transmission Capacity......Page 1346
Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements of Transmission Lines......Page 1350
Methods of Controlling Overvoltages......Page 1352
Insulation Coordination......Page 1353
References......Page 1354
Index......Page 1355