Powder Technology Handbook

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Editors
Contributors
Contents
Part 1 Particle Characterization and Standard Powder
	Chapter 1.1 Particle Size
		1.1.1 Definition of Particle Diameter
		1.1.2 Particle Size Distribution
		1.1.3 Average Particle Size
		References
	Chapter 1.2 Size Measurement
		1.2.1 Introduction
		1.2.2 Classification of Particle Size Analysis Methods
		1.2.3 Counting Analysis
		1.2.4 Fractionation Analysis
		1.2.5 Ensemble Analysis
		1.2.6 Others
		1.2.7 Summary
		References
	Chapter 1.3 Particle Shape Characterization
		1.3.1 Introduction
		1.3.2 Representative Size
		1.3.3 Geometrical Shape Descriptors
		1.3.4 Dynamic Equivalent Shape
		1.3.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 1.4 Particle Density
		1.4.1 Definition of Particle Density
		1.4.2 Measurement Method of Particle Density
		1.4.3 Measurement Method of Bulk Density
		References
	Chapter 1.5 Hardness, Stiffness and Toughness of Particles
		1.5.1 Indentation Hardness
		1.5.2 Measurement of Hardness
		1.5.3 Measurement of Stiffness
		1.5.4 Measurement of Toughness
		References
	Chapter 1.6 Surface Properties and Analysis
		1.6.1 Surface Structures and Properties
		1.6.2 Surface Characterization
		References
	Chapter 1.7 Characterization by Atomic Force Microscope
		1.7.1 Principle of AFM
		1.7.2 Surface Characterization by AFM
		1.7.3 Measurements of Interaction Forces by AFM
		References
	Chapter 1.8 Specific Properties of Nanoparticles
		1.8.1 Property Function and Disperse Properties
		1.8.2 Transport Properties
		1.8.3 Particle Interactions
		1.8.4 Thermophysical Properties
		1.8.5 Mechanical Properties
		1.8.6 Optical Properties
		1.8.7 Electrical Properties
		1.8.8 Magnetic Properties
		1.8.9 Catalytic Particles
		References
	Chapter 1.9 Standard Powders and Particles
		References
Part 2 Fundamental Properties of Particles
	Chapter 2.1 Optical Properties
		2.1.1 Definitions
		2.1.2 Light Scattering
		2.1.3 Light Extinction
		2.1.4 Dynamic Light Scattering
		2.1.5 Photophoresis
		References
	Chapter 2.2 Electrification and Electrophoresis
		2.2.1 In Gaseous State
		2.2.2 In Liquid State
		References
	Chapter 2.3 Magnetic Properties
		2.3.1 Magnetic Force on a Particle
		2.3.2 Ferromagnetic Properties of a Small Particle
		2.3.3 Magnetism of Various Materials
		Acknowledgment
		References
	Chapter 2.4 Diffusion of Particles
		2.4.1 Thermal Diffusion
		2.4.2 Turbulent Diffusion
		References
	Chapter 2.5 Particle Motion in Fluid
		2.5.1 Introduction
		2.5.2 Motion of a Single Particle
		2.5.3 Particle Motion in Shear Flow
		References
	Chapter 2.6 Particle Sedimentation
		2.6.1 Introduction
		2.6.2 Terminal Settling Velocity
		2.6.3 Settling of Two Spherical Particles
		2.6.4 Rate of Sedimentation in Concentrated Suspension
		References
	Chapter 2.7 Adhesive Force of Single Particle
		2.7.1 In Gaseous State
		2.7.2 In Liquid State
		2.7.3 Measurement of Adhesive Force
		References
	Chapter 2.8 Particle Deposition and Reentrainment
		2.8.1 Particle Deposition
		2.8.2 Particle Reentrainment
		References
	Chapter 2.9 Agglomeration (Coagulation
		2.9.1 In Gaseous State
		2.9.2 In Liquid State
		References
	Chapter 2.10 Viscosity of Slurry
		2.10.1 Introduction
		2.10.2 Basic Flow Characteristics
		2.10.3 Time-Dependent Flow Characteristics
		2.10.4 Viscosity Equations for Suspensions of Spherical Particles of Narrow Particle Size Distribution
		2.10.5 Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Viscosity
		2.10.6 Shear Thinning or Thickening Behavior of Slurry
		2.10.7 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Capillary Viscometer
		2.10.8 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Rotating Viscometer
		References
	Chapter 2.11 Particle Impact Breakage
		2.11.1 Impact Force
		2.11.2 Mode of Breakage
		2.11.3 Analysis of Breakage for the Brittle Failure Mode
		2.11.4 Analysis of Breakage for the Semi-Brittle Failure Mode
		2.11.5 Analysis of Breakage of Agglomerates
		References
	Chapter 2.12 Sintering
		2.12.1 Mechanisms of Solid-Phase Sintering
		2.12.2 Modeling of Sintering of Agglomerates
		2.12.3 Sintering Process of Nanoparticles
		2.12.4 Sintering Process of Packed Powder
		References
	Chapter 2.13 Mechanochemistry
		2.13.1 Introduction
		2.13.2 Phase Transformation
		2.13.3 Solid State Reaction
		2.13.4 Mechanochemical Doping
		2.13.5 Mechanical Synthesis of Hydrated Compounds
		2.13.6 Decomposition of Halogenated Polymers
		2.13.7 Material Processing with Mechanical Activation Followed by Chemical or Physical Treatment
		References
	Chapter 2.14 Ignition and Combustion Reaction
		2.14.1 Combustion Profile
		2.14.2 Devolatilization and Ignition
		2.14.3 Gaseous Combustion
		2.14.4 Solid Combustion
		References
	Chapter 2.15 Solubility and Dissolution Rate
		2.15.1 Solubility of a Solid
		2.15.2 Solubility Changes as Properties of Solvent or Solute Change
		2.15.3 Dissolution Rate Analysis: Theory and Methods
		2.15.4 Methods to Improve the Solubilization of Powdered Materials
		Notation
		References
Part 3 Properties of Powders and Powder Beds
	Chapter 3.1 Specific Surface Area
		3.1.1 Definition of Specific Surface Area
		3.1.2 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Adsorption
		3.1.3 Methodology of Gas Adsorption
		3.1.4 Estimation of Surface Area by Gas Flow (Permeametry
		References
	Chapter 3.2 Adsorption Characteristics
		3.2.1 Introduction
		3.2.2 Adsorption Measurement
		3.2.3 Theory of Adsorption Isotherms
		3.2.4 Estimation of Surface Properties by Adsorption Method
		References
	Chapter 3.3 Moisture Content
		3.3.1 Bound Water and Adhesive Water
		3.3.2 Method to Determine Moisture Content in Particulate System
		References
	Chapter 3.4 Electrical Properties
		3.4.1 In Gaseous State
		3.4.2 In Nonaqueous Solutions
		References
	Chapter 3.5 Packing Properties
		3.5.1 Packing of Equal-Size Spheres
		3.5.2 Packing of Multi-Size Particles
		3.5.3 Effect of Particle Shape on Void Fraction
		References
	Chapter 3.6 Capillarity of Porous Media
		3.6.1 Common Phenomenon: Young–Laplace Effect
		3.6.2 Nitrogen Adsorption Method
		3.6.3 Mercury Intrusion Method (Mercury Porosimetry
		3.6.4 Other Techniques of Interest
		References
	Chapter 3.7 Permeation (Flow through Porous Media
		3.7.1 Resistance to Flow Through a Porous Media
		3.7.2 Pressure Drop Across a Fibrous Mat
		Notation
		References
	Chapter 3.8 Mechanical Properties of a Powder Bed
		3.8.1 Shearing Strength of a Powder Bed
		3.8.2 Adhesion of a Powder Bed
		3.8.3 Yielding Characteristics of a Powder Bed
		References
	Chapter 3.9 Fluidity of Powder
		3.9.1 Definition of Fluidity
		3.9.2 Measurement of Fluidity
		3.9.3 Factors Affecting Fluidity
		3.9.4 Improvement of Fluidity
		References
	Chapter 3.10 Blockage in Storage Vessels
		3.10.1 Typical Phenomena
		3.10.2 Mechanisms and Flow Criteria
		3.10.3 Experimental Study
		3.10.4 Methods of Preventing Blockage
		References
	Chapter 3.11 Segregation of Particles
		3.11.1 Segregation Phenomena and its Factors
		3.11.2 Mechanism of Segregation
		3.11.3 Surface Segregation
		3.11.4 Interlayer Segregation
		3.11.5 Method to Prevent Segregation
		References
	Chapter 3.12 Vibrational and Acoustic Characteristics
		3.12.1 Behavior of a Particle on a Vibrating Plate
		3.12.2 Behavior of a Vibrating Powder Bed
		3.12.3 Generating Mechanism of Impact Sound Between Two Particles
		3.12.4 Frictional Sound from a Granular Bed
		3.12.5 Vibration of a Small Particle in a Sound Wave
		3.12.6 Attenuation of Sound in a Suspension of Particles
		References
Part 4 Particle Generation and Modification
	Chapter 4.1 Aerosol Particle Generation
		4.1.1 Atomization of Fluids
		4.1.2 Condensation Methods
		4.1.3 Powder Dispersion
		References
	Chapter 4.2 Generation of Particles by Reactions
		4.2.1 Gas-Phase (Aerosol) Techniques
		4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Techniques
		References
	Chapter 4.3 Crystallization
		4.3.1 Introduction
		4.3.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Supersaturated Solution
		4.3.3 Nucleation Rate
		4.3.4 Crystal Growth Rate
		4.3.5 Control of Powder Properties in Crystallization Processes
		4.3.6 Synthesis of Composite Particles
		References
	Chapter 4.4 Design and Formation of Composite Particles
		4.4.1 Typical Structure of Composite Particles
		4.4.2 Process
		4.4.3 Materials
		4.4.4 Examples of Particulate Design and Preparation of Composite Particles
		References
	Chapter 4.5 Electrical Charge Control
		4.5.1 In Gaseous State
		4.5.2 In Liquid State
		References
	Chapter 4.6 Surface Modification
		4.6.1 Purpose of Surface Modification and Its Methods
		4.6.2 Chemical Methods
		4.6.3 Physical Methods
		References
Part 5 Powder Handlings and Simulations
	Chapter 5.1 Crushing and Grinding
		5.1.1 Introduction
		5.1.2 Basic Approach for Understanding Grinding Phenomena
		5.1.3 Comminution of Materials
		References
	Chapter 5.2 Dispersion of Particles
		5.2.1 In Gaseous State
		5.2.2 Dispersion in Liquids
		References
	Chapter 5.3 Classification
		5.3.1 Basis of Classification
		5.3.2 Dry Classification
		5.3.3 Wet Classification
		5.3.4 Screening
		References
	Chapter 5.4 Storage (Silo)
		5.4.1 Storing Bulk Solids
		5.4.2 Basic Structure and Functions
		5.4.3 Classification of Silos
		5.4.4 Behavior of Bulk Solids in Silos
		5.4.5 Planning Silos
		5.4.6 Structural Design
		5.4.7 Trouble in Silos
		References
	Chapter 5.5 Feeding
		5.5.1 Introduction
		5.5.2 Type of Feeders
		References
	Chapter 5.6 Transportation
		5.6.1 Transportation in the Gaseous State
		5.6.2 Transportation in the Liquid State
		References
	Chapter 5.7 Fluidization and Fluidized Bed
		5.7.1 Overview of Fluidization
		5.7.2 Computational Methods for Fluidization
		References
	Chapter 5.8 Mixing
		5.8.1 Introduction
		5.8.2 Mixing Mechanism
		5.8.3 Mixing Indices and Mixing Rate
		5.8.4 Evaluation of Mixing Condition
		5.8.5 Characterization of Mixing Equipment
		References
	Chapter 5.9 Slurry Conditioning
		5.9.1 Slurry Characterization
		5.9.2 Slurry Preparation
		References
	Chapter 5.10 Granulation
		5.10.1 Growth Mechanisms of Wet Granulation
		5.10.2 Mechanical Properties of Wet Granules
		5.10.3 Testing Methods for Evaluating the Agglomerate Granulation of Wet Powders
		5.10.4 Granulators
		References
	Chapter 5.11 Kneading and Plastic Forming
		5.11.1 Kneading
		5.11.2 Plastic Forming
		References
	Chapter 5.12 Drying
		5.12.1 Fundamental of Drying
		5.12.2 Dryer Selection and Design
		References
	Chapter 5.13 Combustion
		5.13.1 Introduction
		5.13.2 Control of the Combustion Process
		5.13.3 Combustion Burner
		5.13.4 Furnace and Kiln
		References
	Chapter 5.14 Dust Collection
		5.14.1 Flow-Through-Type Dust Collectors
		5.14.2 Obstacle-Type Dust Collectors
		5.14.3 Barrier-Type Dust Collectors
		5.14.4 Miscellaneous
		References
	Chapter 5.15 Electrostatic Separation
		5.15.1 Separation Mechanism
		5.15.2 Separation Machines
		References
	Chapter 5.16 Magnetic Separation
		5.16.1 Classification of Magnetic Separators
		5.16.2 Static Magnetic Field Separators
		5.16.3 Application of Magnetic Separation
		5.16.4 Magnetohydrostatic Separation
		5.16.5 Electromagnetic-Induction-Type Separation
		References
	Chapter 5.17 Dry Dense Medium Separation
		5.17.1 Basis of Separation
		5.17.2 Application of Separation
		References
	Chapter 5.18 Gravity Thickening
		5.18.1 Pretreatment
		5.18.2 Ideal Settling Basin
		5.18.3 Settling Curve
		5.18.4 Kynch Theory
		5.18.5 Design of Continuous Thickener
		References
	Chapter 5.19 Filtration
		5.19.1 Basis of Cake Filtration Theory
		5.19.2 Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Filtration
		5.19.3 Internal Structure of Compressible Filter Cake
		5.19.4 Filtration of Non-Newtonian Fluid–Solid Mixtures
		5.19.5 Filtration Equipment
		References
	Chapter 5.20 Expression
		5.20.1 Basis of Expression
		5.20.2 Modified Terzaghi Model
		5.20.3 Secondary Consolidation
		5.20.4 Simplified Analysis
		5.20.5 Expression Equipment
		References
	Chapter 5.21 Flotation
		5.21.1 Fundamentals of Flotation
		5.21.2 Minerals Separation
		5.21.3 Flotation Reagents
		5.21.4 Flotation Equipment
		5.21.5 Plant Practice
		5.21.6 Challenges in Flotation
		5.21.7 Emerging Technologies
		References
	Chapter 5.22 Electrostatic Powder Coating
		5.22.1 Coating Machines
		5.22.2 Powder Feeding Machine
		5.22.3 Powder Coating Booth
		5.22.4 Numerical Simulation for Electrostatic Powder Coating
		References
	Chapter 5.23 Multipurpose Equipment
		5.23.1 Fixed Beds
		5.23.2 Moving Beds
		5.23.3 Rotary Kiln
		References
	Chapter 5.24 Nanoparticle Handling and Formulation
		5.24.1 Introduction and Overview
		5.24.2 Formation of Nanoparticles
		5.24.3 Dispersion of Nanoparticles
		5.24.4 Nanoparticle Stabilization
		5.24.5 From Surfaces to Properties – The Effect of Surface Modification
		5.24.6 Nanoparticle Handling in Classical Unit Operations of Powder Processing
		5.24.7 Processing of Functional Thin Films from Liquids
		5.24.8 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5.25 Simulation of Powders and Particles in Dry and Wet Phases
		5.25.1 Powder Simulation Using Discrete Element Method (DEM
		5.25.2 Recent Advances in DEM Simulations for Industrial Applications
		5.25.3 Particle Motion in Fluid
		5.25.4 Breakage of Particles in Gas Phase
		5.25.5 Breakage of Aggregates in Liquid Phase
		5.25.6 Direct Numerical Simulations of Colloidal Particles in a Liquid
		References
Part 6 Process Instrumentation
	Chapter 6.1 Powder Sampling
		6.1.1 Sampling Equipment
		6.1.2 Analysis of Sampling
		References
	Chapter 6.2 Particle Sampling in Gas Flow
		6.2.1 Anisokinetic Sampling Error
		6.2.2 Sampling in Stationary Air
		6.2.3 Practical Applications of Particle Sampling
		References
	Chapter 6.3 Concentration and Flow Rate Measurement
		6.3.1 Particle Concentration in Suspensions
		6.3.2 Powder Flow Rate
		References
	Chapter 6.4 Level Measurement of Powder Bed
		6.4.1 Level Meters and Level Switches
		6.4.2 Mechanical Methods
		6.4.3 Electrical Methods
		6.4.4 Ultrasonic Wave Level Meters
		6.4.5 Radiometric Method
		6.4.6 Pneumatic and Other Methods
		References
	Chapter 6.5 Temperature Measurement of Powder
		6.5.1 Temperature Measurement by Contact-Type Thermometers
		6.5.2 Temperature Measurement by Non-Contact-Type Thermometers
		References
	Chapter 6.6 On-Line Measurement of Moisture Content
		6.6.1 Introduction
		6.6.2 Electric Methods
		6.6.3 Optical Moisture Sensor
		6.6.4 Continuous Monitoring and Control of Moisture Content
		References
	Chapter 6.7 Tomography
		6.7.1 Introduction
		6.7.2 Sensor Selection and Specification
		6.7.3 Examples of Powder and Slurry Processing Applications
		References
Part 7 Working Atmospheres-Risks, Hazards and Protection
	Chapter 7.1 Health Effects Due to Particle Matter
		7.1.1 Introduction
		7.1.2 Respiratory System
		7.1.3 Penetration and Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract
		7.1.4 Rate of Deposited Particles
		7.1.5 Health Effects of Inhaled Particles
		7.1.6 Threshold Limit Value
		References
	Chapter 7.2 Risks of Nanoparticles
		7.2.1 Introduction
		7.2.2 Concept of Risk Assessment and Management of Nanomaterials
		7.2.3 Risk Management Using Control Banding of Nanomaterials
		7.2.4 Specific Risk and Measurement of PM2.5
		References
	Chapter 7.3 Respiratory Protective Devices for Particulate Matter
		7.3.1 Introduction
		7.3.2 Types of Respirators
		7.3.3 Protection Factor
		7.3.4 Fit Check and Fit Test of Respirators
		7.3.5 Selection, Use, and Maintenance
 of Respirators
		References
	Chapter 7.4 Dust Explosion
		7.4.1 What is Dust Explosion
		7.4.2 Flame Propagation Mechanism in Dust Explosion
		7.4.3 Risk of Dust Explosion
		7.4.4 Prevention and Mitigation of Accidental Dust
		References
Index