Poverty Reduction in China: Achievements, Experience and International Cooperation

Contents
1 Targeted Poverty Alleviation: China’s Road of Poverty Reduction Toward Common Prosperity
	1.1 Journey of China’s Rural Poverty Reduction
		1.1.1 Before the Adoption of Reform and Opening-Up: Providing Relief to the Extremely Poor and Struggle for Survival
		1.1.2 From 1978 to 2012: Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation and Massive Poverty Reduction
		1.1.3 From 2013 to 2020: Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Elimination of Absolute Poverty
	1.2 Achievements in China’s Rural Poverty Reduction
		1.2.1 Complete Eradication of Rural Absolute Poverty Below Current Poverty Line
		1.2.2 Faster Increases in Incomes and Consumption Levels of the Poor People
		1.2.3 Constant Improvements in Living Standards and Level of Basic Public Services Enjoyed by the Poor People
		1.2.4 Elimination of Overall Regional Poverty as Scheduled
		1.2.5 Obvious Strengthening of Capacity for Social Governance
	1.3 Contributions of China’s Poverty Reduction to the World
		1.3.1 China Found Solutions to Overcome the “Last-Mile” Problem in Poverty Reduction, and Created a Miracle in Global Efforts for Poverty Reduction
		1.3.2 Making Contributions to Global Poverty Alleviation and Improvement in the Human Development Index
		1.3.3 Providing the Chinese Approach for Global Poverty Governance
		1.3.4 Providing China’s Strength for the Global Poverty Alleviation Drive
	1.4 China’s Experience in Poverty Elimination
		1.4.1 Choosing the Road of Comprehensive Poverty Reduction for the Impoverished
		1.4.2 Adhering to the Road of Economic Development-Oriented Poverty Reduction
		1.4.3 Carrying Out Government-Dominated International Cooperation and Social Participation
		1.4.4 Adhering to Improving the Self-Development Capability of Impoverished Regions and the Poor Population
		1.4.5 Adhering to Innovation in Poverty Alleviation
		1.4.6 Gradually Raising the Poverty Line with National Conditions Taken into Consideration, and Providing Targeted Poverty Alleviation in the Final Battle Against Poverty
	1.5 Conclusion and Prospects
		1.5.1 Great Achievements Accompanied by Challenges
		1.5.2 Promoting Shared Prosperity and Marching Toward Common Prosperity
		1.5.3 Strengthening International Cooperation in Poverty Reduction and Realizing the Goals Set Out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
	References
2 China’s Poverty Reduction by Boosting Production
	2.1 The Course of China’s Poverty Reduction by Boosting Production
		2.1.1 Stage of Creating Conditions for Developing Production in Poverty-Stricken Areas (1978–1985)
		2.1.2 Stage of Encouraging Development of Economic Entities for Poverty Alleviation (1986–2000)
		2.1.3 Stage of Agricultural Industrialization (2001–2012)
		2.1.4 Stage of Boosting the Economy to Create More Jobs for the Poor (Since 2013)
	2.2 Achievements of China’s Poverty Reduction by Boosting Production
		2.2.1 Poverty-Stricken Households Have Gained Benefits
		2.2.2 Output Value of Featured Industries Has Increased
		2.2.3 Business Entities Have Developed Fast in Poverty-Stricken Areas
	2.3 Experience of China’s Poverty Alleviation Through Production
		2.3.1 Providing Different Kinds of Supporting Policies
		2.3.2 Improving Infrastructure
		2.3.3 Choosing Featured Industries that Suit Local Situations
		2.3.4 Getting the Poverty-Stricken People Actively Involved
		2.3.5 Diversifying the Forms of Poverty Alleviation by Boosting Production
	2.4 Conclusion and Prospects
		2.4.1 To Give Full Play to the Initiative and Creativity of Multiple Parties
		2.4.2 To Improve Long-Term Mechanisms to Guarantee Steady Poverty Elimination
		2.4.3 To Enhance Industrial Competitiveness to Assist in Rural Revitalization
	References
3 China’s Poverty Reduction Through Employment
	3.1 Introduction to Poverty Alleviation Through Employment in China
		3.1.1 Progress in Policies, Objectives, and Tasks
		3.1.2 Employment Channels and Supporting Policies
	3.2 China’s Practices in Poverty Alleviation Through Employment
		3.2.1 Establishing and Improving Working Mechanism
		3.2.2 Developing Industries to Promote Employment
		3.2.3 Supporting Employers to Provide Jobs
		3.2.4 Supporting Entrepreneurship to Drive Employment
		3.2.5 Promoting Employment Export Through Labor Service Collaboration
		3.2.6 Increasing Employment Through Public-Benefit Service Jobs
		3.2.7 Strengthening Employment Through Skills Training
		3.2.8 Guaranteeing Services to Stabilize Employment
	3.3 China’s Achievements in Poverty Alleviation Through Employment
		3.3.1 The Working Mechanism and Policy System for Poverty Alleviation Through Employment Have Increasingly Improved
		3.3.2 The Employment of Poverty-Stricken Laborers Has Greatly Improved
		3.3.3 The Income Increase of Rural Residents in Poverty-Stricken Areas Was Obvious
		3.3.4 Poverty Alleviation Through Employment Has Provided Favorable Conditions for Rural Revitalization
	3.4 China’s Experience in Poverty Alleviation Through Employment and Implications
		3.4.1 Main Experience
		3.4.2 Implications
	References
4 China's Poverty Reduction Through Healthcare
	4.1 China’s Policy System of Healthcare Program for Poverty Alleviation
		4.1.1 Efforts of the Central Government
		4.1.2 Efforts of Local Governments
		4.1.3 Efforts of the Healthcare Sector
		4.1.4 Efforts of the Social Forces
	4.2 Achievements of Poverty Reduction Through Healthcare
		4.2.1 Being Able to Have Diseases Cured for the Poor Through Actions on the Three Groups of People
		4.2.2 Making Medical Services Affordable for the Poor Through Complete Coverage of Medical Guarantee
		4.2.3 Having Medical Services Accessible for the Poor Through Significant Improvement of Medical and Healthcare Capacity in Poor Areas
		4.2.4 The Vicious Circle of Disease and Poverty Has Been Shaking Off
	4.3 China’s Experience in Poverty Alleviation Through Healthcare
		4.3.1 Targeted Identification
		4.3.2 Targeted Measures
		4.3.3 Combination of Disease Prevention and Control
		4.3.4 Implementing the Construction of “Three One” Hospitals
		4.3.5 Sufficient Funding Guarantee
		4.3.6 Various Poverty Alleviation Policies and Measures Complement Each Other
	4.4 Conclusion and Prospects
5 China's Poverty Reduction Through Education
	5.1 The Overall Course of China's Development of Poverty Reduction Through Education
		5.1.1 The Stage of Focusing on Advancing Basic Education
		5.1.2 The Stage of Focusing on Advancing Certain Areas of Education for Poverty Alleviation
		5.1.3 The Stage of Focusing on Targeted Poverty Alleviation Through Education
	5.2 Achievements Made in Poverty Reduction Through Education
		5.2.1 The Policy and Action System for Poverty Alleviation Through Education has Been Improved
		5.2.2 The Level of Compulsory Education in Poverty-Stricken Areas Has Witnessed Leaps Forward
		5.2.3 The Health of Rural Students Has Improved and the Years of Schooling Have Increased as a Whole
		5.2.4 Full Coverage of Education Funding Eliminates Dropouts Triggered by Poverty
		5.2.5 The Well-Being and Development of Rural Teachers Have Improved Significantly
		5.2.6 The Literacy Level and Labor Skills of the Poor Rural Labor Force Have Improved
		5.2.7 Poverty Alleviation Through Education Brings About an Increase in the Income of the Poor and the Development of Poor Areas
	5.3 Chinese Experience in Reducing Poverty Through Education
		5.3.1 Implementing the Remarkably Pro-Poor Development Strategy of Basic Education
		5.3.2 Promoting Education-Oriented Poverty Reduction Through Cooperation Among Multiple Subjects
		5.3.3 Carrying Out Multi-Stage Poverty Alleviation Through Education for Educational Backward Areas
		5.3.4 Progressively Realizing the Full Coverage of the Education Process by the Policy of Poverty Alleviation Through Education
	5.4 Prospects for the Future of Poverty Reduction Through Education
		5.4.1 To Further Provide Fair and Quality Education for Rural Areas
		5.4.2 To Help the Low-Income People Achieve Sustainable and High-Quality Development
		5.4.3 To Provide Necessary Human Capital Support for Rural Revitalization
	References
6 China’s Poverty Reduction Through Relocation
	6.1 Basic Background of Poverty Alleviation Relocation
		6.1.1 Evolution of Relocation Policies for Poverty Reduction
		6.1.2 Reasons for Relocation: Equal Emphasis on Livelihood Improvement and Ecological Protection
		6.1.3 Nature of Relocation: Quasi-Voluntary Relocation Dominated by the Government
	6.2 Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Relocation During the Battle Against Poverty
		6.2.1 Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Relocation
		6.2.2 Effects of Poverty Alleviation Relocation Based on Panel Survey Analysis
	6.3 Experience of China’s Poverty Alleviation Relocation
		6.3.1 Precisely Identifying Targets of Relocation in Combination with Actual Conditions in Impoverished Areas
		6.3.2 Reasonably Choosing the Modes of Relocation Following the Rules in Urban–Rural Development
		6.3.3 Raising Funds from Multiple Channels Driven by Investment from Central Budget
		6.3.4 Ensuring the Quality of Relocation Projects Through Enhancing Engineering Supervision
		6.3.5 Easing the Financial Burden on the Relocated Poor by Strictly Controlling Cost
		6.3.6 Supporting Households’ Adaptation to New Livelihood Through Unified Measures
	6.4 Prospects for Poverty Alleviation Relocation
	References
7 China’s Poverty Reduction Through Ecological Development
	7.1 A Brief History of China’s Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.1.1 The National Development Strategy Behind Ecological Policies for Poverty Alleviation
		7.1.2 The Basic Policy Consideration of Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.1.3 The Policy Evolution of Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.1.4 China’s Work Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
	7.2 The Achievements of China’s Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.2.1 The Overall Progress of Fulfilling the Work Plan for Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.2.2 The Poverty Reduction Mechanism in Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development
		7.2.3 Development Opportunities in Poor Areas Have Been Rediscovered
		7.2.4 How is the New Economy Fostered in a Good Environment?
	7.3 China’s Experience in Poverty Reduction Through Ecological Development and Its International Implications
		7.3.1 Key Experience
		7.3.2 Effective Policy Framework System
		7.3.3 The International Implications of Poverty Alleviation Through Ecological Development in China
	7.4 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
8 International Aid and Cooperation in China’s Poverty Reduction
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Historical Background and Guiding Philosophy Under Which China Accepts International Development Assistance
		8.2.1 Historical Background
		8.2.2 Guiding Philosophy
	8.3 Development of China’s Cooperation with UNDAS and World Bank on Poverty Alleviation
		8.3.1 The Stage of Poverty Alleviation Through Rural Economic System Reform (1978–1985)
		8.3.2 The Stage of Large-Scale Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation (1986–1993)
		8.3.3 The Stage of Implementing the Seven-Year Program for Lifting 80 Million People Out of Poverty (1994–2000)
		8.3.4 The Stage of Comprehensive Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation (2001–2012)
		8.3.5 The Stage of Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Elimination (2013–2020)
	8.4 Key Fields and Funds in Poverty Reduction Cooperation with UNDAS and World Bank
		8.4.1 Key Fields and Funding of Cooperation Programs
		8.4.2 Multiple Sources of Project Funds
		8.4.3 Knowledge and Technology Input
	8.5 Achievements of the Cooperation Between China and International Organizations in Poverty Reduction
		8.5.1 Contribution to China’s Poverty Alleviation Undertaking
		8.5.2 Contribution to International Poverty Reduction
	8.6 Main Experience and Prospects
		8.6.1 Main Experience
		8.6.2 Cooperation Prospects
	References
9 China’s External Assistance and Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
	9.1 The Development Course of China’s External Assistance and Cooperation in Poverty Reduction
		9.1.1 Before 2004—Focusing on Learning and Transformation
		9.1.2 2004–2015—Focusing on Communication and Sharing
		9.1.3 From 2015 to Now—Focusing on Experience Dissemination and Practice
	9.2 Progress and Achievements of China's External Assistance and Cooperation in Poverty Reduction
		9.2.1 Assistance for and Cooperation with Africa
		9.2.2 Assistance for and Cooperation with ASEAN
		9.2.3 Cooperation with International Organizations
	9.3 China’s Experience in External Assistance and Cooperation in Poverty Reduction
		9.3.1 Expanding Scope of International Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
		9.3.2 More Inclusive International Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
		9.3.3 Increasingly Diversified Models of International Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
		9.3.4 Gradual Formation of Institutionalized Approaches to International Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
	9.4 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
10 China’s Poverty Reduction and the Role of the World Bank
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Analysis and Advice
		10.2.1 Analysis
		10.2.2 Policy Advice and Dialogue
		10.2.3 Poverty Assessments
		10.2.4 Country Assistance Strategies
	10.3 Projects, Programs, and Evaluations
		10.3.1 Projects and Programs
		10.3.2 Evaluations
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 The Chinese Experience in Reducing Poverty: A Latin American Perspective
	11.1 The Reform and Opening-Up and Poverty Eradication
	11.2 Economic Construction, Urbanization, and Poverty Reduction
	11.3 China’s Strategies for Poverty Eradication
	11.4 Implications of the Chinese Experience in Poverty Eradication for Latin America
	References
12 Analysis of China–Africa Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
	12.1 Poverty Reduction in Africa
	12.2 Progress in China–Africa Cooperation on Poverty Reduction
		12.2.1 The Significance of the Chinese Experience in Africa’s Poverty Reduction
		12.2.2 Selected FOCAC Success Stories on Poverty Reduction
	12.3 Conclusion
	References
13 New China–ASEAN Cooperation on Poverty Alleviation
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 China’s Policies for Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		13.2.1 The Meaning of Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		13.2.2 Characteristics of Targeted Poverty Alleviation
		13.2.3 The Results of Targeted Poverty Alleviation
	13.3 China–ASEAN Cooperation in Poverty Alleviation
	13.4 China–ASEAN 2.0
		13.4.1 Expansion of Trade Between China and ASEAN
		13.4.2 New Normal Cooperation: China–ASEAN Poverty Alleviation Initiative
	13.5 Conclusion