Poverty, Food Consumption, and Economic Development

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Introduction to Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology: Future Prospects
	References
2 Technology Enablers for Advanced Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Two Key Technologies for GCI
		2.2.1 CVVT& CVVD Valvetrain
		2.2.2 High Pressure Gasoline Fuel System
	2.3 Engine Setup
	2.4 Results and Discussions
		2.4.1 GCI Mid-to-High Load Operation
		2.4.2 GCI Low Load Operation
	2.5 Future work
	2.6 Conclusions
	References
3 The Effect of Control Strategies on the Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine: Injection Strategy, Exhaust Residual Gas Strategy, Biodiesel Addition Strategy, and Oxygen Content Strategy
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Effect of Injection Strategy
		3.2.1 Single Injection Strategy
		3.2.2 Multi-injection Strategies
	3.3 The Effect of EGR Strategy
		3.3.1 Effect of EGR and Single-Injection Strategy
		3.3.2 Effect of EGR and Multiple Injection Strategies
	3.4 The Effect of Biodiesel Addition on Auto-Ignition Delay and Lift of Length Under Low-Temperature Condition Section
		3.4.1 The Effect of Biodiesel Addition on Auto-Ignition Delay
		3.4.2 The Effect of Biodiesel Addition on Lift-Off Length
		3.4.3 The Effect of Oxygen Content on Autoignition Delay
		3.4.4 The Effect of Oxygen Content on Lift-Off Length
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4 A Review on Combustion Rate Control, Spray-Wall Impingement, and CO/UHC Formation of the Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Combustion Rate Control of GCI
		4.2.1 Flame Development Pattern and Pressure Rise Rate Control at High Loads
		4.2.2 Combustion Stability Control at Low Engine Loads
	4.3 Fuel Spray-Wall Impingement and Charge Formation of GCI
		4.3.1 Gasoline Spray-Wall Impingement
		4.3.2 Fuel Trapping Effect of the Squish Region and Piston Crevice
	4.4 CO/UHC Emissions Sources and Spatial Distribution
	4.5 Summary
	References
5 Spark Assisted Gasoline Compression Ignition (SAGCI) Engine Strategies
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 History and Objectives of SAGCI Engine Development
		5.2.1 Alleviating Well-to-Wheels Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		5.2.2 Challenges to GCI Technology Deployment on the Road
		5.2.3 Offering Spark Assisted GCI Engine
		5.2.4 Emission and Performance Targets of SAGCI Engine
	5.3 SAGCI Engine Architecture
		5.3.1 Single Cylinder Engine
		5.3.2 Multi-cylinder Engine
		5.3.3 Fuel Systems
	5.4 Gasoline Compression Ignition Strategies at Cold Start
		5.4.1 Background
		5.4.2 A Specific Design of Spark Plug and Fuel Spray Interaction
		5.4.3 Cold Start Operating Conditions
		5.4.4 Split Fuel Injection and Extremely Retarded Spark Timing Strategy
		5.4.5 Transient Combustion Control Strategy
		5.4.6 Summary and Recommendations
	5.5 Gasoline Compression Ignition Strategies at Low Loads
		5.5.1 Background
		5.5.2 Spark Assisted GCI for Robust Combustion Control
		5.5.3 Summary and Recommendations
	5.6 Gasoline Compression Ignition Strategy at Medium Loads
		5.6.1 Background
		5.6.2 Effect of Single Injection Strategy
		5.6.3 Effect of Double Injection Strategy
		5.6.4 Effect of Rebreathing
		5.6.5 Summary of Medium Load Results
	5.7 Gasoline Compression Ignition Strategies at High Loads
		5.7.1 Background
		5.7.2 Numerical Setup and Validation
		5.7.3 Simulations at 17.6 bar IMEP
		5.7.4 Summary and Recommendations
	5.8 Conclusions and Future Recommendations
		5.8.1 Combustion Chamber Design Guideline
		5.8.2 Combustion Strategies at Different Operating Conditions
		5.8.3 Recommendations for Future Work
	References
6 Opposed-Piston Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine
	6.1 Opposed-Piston Engine Fundamentals
		6.1.1 Reduced Heat Transfer Losses
		6.1.2 Lower Pumping Losses
		6.1.3 Earlier and Faster Combustion
		6.1.4 Cleaner Combustion
	6.2 Combining OP and GCI
		6.2.1 Mixture Preparation
		6.2.2 Charge Temperature Management
	6.3 2.7L Opposed-Piston Multicylinder Design
		6.3.1 Engine Specifications
		6.3.2 Fuel System Specifications
		6.3.3 Testing Specifications
	6.4 Initial Results
		6.4.1 Combustion Strategy and Performance Map
		6.4.2 Modal Data
		6.4.3 Catalyst Light-Off Mode
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7 Combustion Instabilities and Control in Compression Ignition, Low-Temperature Combustion, and Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Significance of GCI Technology
		7.1.2 GCI Technology Challenges
	7.2 Overview of Engine Combustion Instabilities
		7.2.1 Combustion Instabilities in Conventional Diesel Engines
		7.2.2 Combustion Instabilities in LTC Engines
	7.3 Parameters Used for the Combustion Instabilities Analysis
		7.3.1 Variations in the In-Cylinder Pressure and Heat Release
		7.3.2 Maximum Pressure Rise Rate
		7.3.3 Coefficient of Variations of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
		7.3.4 Combustion Sound Level (CSL)
		7.3.5 Ringing Intensity (RI)
		7.3.6 Engine Knock
	7.4 Effect of Engine Operating Conditions on Combustion Instabilities
		7.4.1 Effect of Fuel Properties on Combustion Instabilities
		7.4.2 Effect of Start Conditions on Combustion Instabilities
	7.5 Approaches for Combustion Instability Control in GCI Engines
		7.5.1 Fuel–Air Demands
		7.5.2 Fuel Accumulation/Stratification in the Cylinder
		7.5.3 Residual Gas Composition and Temperature
		7.5.4 Combustion Chamber Design
	7.6 Summary
	References
8 Injection Strategies and Auto-Ignition Features of Gasoline and Diesel Type Fuels for Advanced CI Engine
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Isobaric Combustion for Modern Engines
	8.3 Fuel Flexibility at Extreme Conditions
	8.4 Fuel Preferences for Advanced Engine Concepts
	8.5 Major Takeaways
	References
9 Review of Life Cycle Analysis Studies of Less Processed Fuel for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Characteristics of GCI Fuel
	9.3 Overview of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
	9.4 Overview of the Petroleum Refining Processes
		9.4.1 General Refining Aspects
		9.4.2 Life Cycle Analysis of Refining Processes
		9.4.3 Global Warming Impact: Crude Oil Extraction
		9.4.4 Global Warming Impact: Crude Oil Transportation to the Refinery
		9.4.5 Global Warming Impact: Crude Oil Refinery
		9.4.6 Global Warming Impact: Transporting Refined Product from the Refinery to the Distributors
	9.5 Well-To-Wheel (WTW) Analysis of Low Octane Fuels
	9.6 Summary
	References
10 Study on High Efficiency Gasoline HCCI Lean Combustion Engines
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Calculation Model and Analysis Method
		10.2.1 Calculation Model of Exergy Loss
		10.2.2 Definition of Main Parameters
		10.2.3 Energy Balance Analysis Method
	10.3 Exergy Loss Analysis in Combustion
		10.3.1 Exergy Loss Mechanism in Combustion Process
		10.3.2 Thermodynamic Parameters of Low Exergy Loss
	10.4 Experimental Facility
	10.5 Experimental Results and Discussion
		10.5.1 Effects of Combustion Boundaries on Lean G-HCCI
		10.5.2 Function of Variable Compression Ratio CR
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Reaction Mechanisms and Fuel Surrogates for Naphtha/Low Octane Fractions-Application for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Advanced Combustion Strategies
		11.2.1 Overview of Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC)
		11.2.2 Gasoline Compression Ignition Concept
	11.3 Overview of Naphtha Fuel
		11.3.1 Naphtha Production and Its Properties
		11.3.2 Reaction Pathway
		11.3.3 Reaction Mechanisms/Surrogates for LOF
	11.4 Summary
	References