Possible Long-Term Health Effects Of Short-Term Exposure To Chemical Agents, Volume 2: Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals, and Irritants and Vesicants

POSSIBLE LONG-TERM HEALTH EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL AGENTS......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 12
PSYCHOCHEMICALS......Page 13
IRRITANTS AND VESICANTS......Page 14
o-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE (CS)......Page 15
BROMBENZYL CYANIDE (CA), DIPHENYLAMINOCHLORARSINE (DM), and 1-METHOXY-1,3,5-CYCLOHEPTATRIENE (CHT)......Page 16
OVERVIEW......Page 17
Contents......Page 18
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 22
REFERENCES......Page 23
BACKGROUND......Page 24
REFERENCES......Page 28
CHARACTERISTICS......Page 30
BIOCHEMISTRY......Page 31
MECHANISMS OF ACTION......Page 33
PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 36
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 39
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS......Page 46
Receptor Interactions......Page 49
MUTAGENIC, REPRODUCTIVE, AND CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS......Page 50
DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 51
EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 52
REFERENCES......Page 57
CONCLUSIONS......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
VOLUNTEER SCREENING, SELECTION, AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 69
CHEMISTRY......Page 74
Absorption......Page 75
Distribution......Page 76
Elimination (Pharmacokinetics)......Page 77
ANIMAL TOXICOLOGY......Page 78
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY......Page 82
Mutagenicity......Page 86
Summary......Page 87
DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 88
Organic Brain Damage......Page 89
Food and Drug Administration Reports of Adverse Reactions......Page 90
EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 93
CHEMISTRY......Page 100
Absorption......Page 101
Distribution......Page 103
Metabolism......Page 104
Elimination......Page 105
Toxicity of DMHP......Page 106
MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 108
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY......Page 109
DELAYED AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS......Page 110
EFFECTS ON VOLUNTEERS......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 115
CONCLUSIONS......Page 119
BACKGROUND......Page 122
CHARACTERISTICS......Page 125
Mutagenicity......Page 126
Pathogenesis of Skin Lesions......Page 127
Carcinogenicity......Page 128
INDUSTRIAL AND MILITARY EXPOSURES......Page 129
Immediate Effects......Page 132
Eye Injuries......Page 134
Injury to the Nervous System and Other Organ Systems......Page 139
Long-Term Morbidity......Page 140
Tuberculosis......Page 141
Cancer......Page 142
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 145
SUMMARY......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY......Page 156
Mutagenicity......Page 157
Teratogenicity......Page 159
Carcinogenicity......Page 160
Lethal Effects......Page 161
Ocular Effects......Page 166
Cutaneous Effects......Page 168
Immediate Effects......Page 169
Experimental Human Exposures......Page 170
Tolerance......Page 175
Sensitization......Page 177
Himsworth Report, Part I......Page 178
Himsworth Report, Part II......Page 180
Mental Effects of Riots......Page 182
LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP......Page 183
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 187
TOXICOLOGY IN IN VITRO AND ANIMAL STUDIES......Page 192
Injuries in Confined Spaces......Page 199
Effectiveness, Lethality, and Tolerance Time......Page 200
Experimental Studies......Page 201
SENSITIZATION IN HUMANS......Page 202
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 203
DISCUSSION......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
CHARACTERISTICS......Page 208
CYTOTOXICITY......Page 209
Acute Effects......Page 210
Ocular Effects......Page 214
Metabolism and Physiology......Page 215
Cutaneous Effects......Page 217
Physiologic Studies......Page 218
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 221
TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 224
TOXICITY IN HUMANS......Page 229
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 234
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 237
SUMMARY......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 241
TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 242
TOXICITY IN HUMANS......Page 243
MUTAGENICITY......Page 244
EFFECTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS AT EDGEWOOD......Page 245
SUMMARY......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 252
DISCUSSION......Page 254
CHARACTERISTICS......Page 256
TOXICITY IN ANIMALS......Page 257
MUTAGENICITY......Page 259
SUMMARY......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 267
AGENTS THAT CAUSED SLIGHT OR NO EFFECTS......Page 269
LACRIMATORY AGENTS......Page 270
MUSTARD GAS (H)......Page 272
CHLOROACETOPHENONE (CN)......Page 273
123 IRRITANT CHEMICALS......Page 274
INTRODUCTION......Page 275
RECRUITMENT OF VOLUNTEERS......Page 276
SELECTION OF DOSES FOR HUMAN TESTS......Page 277
SAFETY MARGIN......Page 278
VOLUNTEER SCREENING AND SELECTION......Page 279
INTRODUCTION......Page 284
LETHALITY OF SINGLE DOSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS......Page 286
TOXICITY OF REPEATED DOSES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS......Page 292
SIDE EFECTS OF OXIMES IN MAN......Page 298
MODIFICATIONS OF NORMAL FUNCTIONS BY OXIMES......Page 301
METABOLISM OF OXIMES......Page 317
STUDIES WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS......Page 324
GENERAL COMMENT......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 337