Positron physics

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
1.1 Historical remarks......Page 13
1 Positrons......Page 15
2 Positronium......Page 19
3 Other bound states involving positrons......Page 22
1.3 Basic experimental techniques......Page 23
1 Annihilation lifetimes......Page 24
2 Doppler shift or broadening of the annihilation radiation......Page 26
1.4 Slow positron beams......Page 28
1 Introduction to positron moderation......Page 29
2 Magnetically confined positron beams......Page 33
3 Electrostatic positron beams......Page 36
4 Facility-based beams......Page 38
1 Basic physics of positronium production......Page 39
2 Traditional methods......Page 40
3 Methods using positron beams......Page 41
1 Positrons......Page 47
2 Positronium......Page 50
2.1 Introduction......Page 52
2.2 Theory......Page 54
2.3 Experimental techniques......Page 60
2.4 General discussion of systematic errors......Page 69
2.5 Results and discussion – atoms......Page 75
1 Helium......Page 76
2 Heavier noble gases......Page 82
3 Alkali metals......Page 88
4 Atomic hydrogen......Page 91
1 Hydrogen......Page 93
2 Nitrogen......Page 96
3 Carbon dioxide......Page 98
4 Water......Page 100
2.7 Partitioning of the total cross section......Page 101
3.1 Introduction......Page 106
1 Positron–hydrogen scattering......Page 107
2 Positron–helium scattering......Page 125
3 Positron scattering by alkali atoms......Page 134
4 Positron scattering by other atoms and molecules......Page 138
5 Elastic scattering beyond inelastic and rearrangement thresholds......Page 141
3.3 Threshold effects......Page 144
3.4 Angle-resolved elastic scattering......Page 151
4.1 Introduction......Page 162
4.2 Theory......Page 163
1 Positron–hydrogen scattering......Page 164
2 Positron–helium scattering......Page 178
3 Positron–alkali atom scattering......Page 183
4 Other atoms and molecules......Page 186
4.3 Experimental techniques......Page 187
1 Noble gases and molecules......Page 197
2 Atomic hydrogen......Page 202
3 The alkali metals......Page 204
4.5 Other processes involving positronium formation......Page 207
4.6 Comparisons with protons......Page 212
4.7 Differential cross sections......Page 213
1 Models of the positronium fraction......Page 219
2 Positronium formation fraction – results......Page 222
5 Excitation and ionization......Page 226
1 Theory......Page 227
2 Experiment......Page 233
5.2 Ionization – theoretical considerations......Page 239
5.3 Ionization – experimental techniques for integrated cross sections......Page 246
1 Atomic hydrogen......Page 251
2 The noble gases......Page 253
3 Molecules......Page 255
4 Comparisons with heavier projectiles......Page 257
5 Near-threshold studies......Page 258
5.5 Multiple ionization......Page 260
5.6 Differential cross sections......Page 264
5.7 Inner shell ionization......Page 271
6.1 Introduction and theoretical considerations......Page 276
1 The traditional positron lifetime method – analysis and observables......Page 286
2 The positron-trap method for positron–gas studies......Page 290
1 Thermalization phenomena......Page 293
2 Equilibrium phenomena at low gas densities......Page 298
3 Equilibrium phenomena – many-body effects......Page 302
4 Electric fields......Page 305
5 Angular correlation and Doppler broadening studies......Page 309
6.4 Positron drift......Page 313
1 Lifetimes against annihilation......Page 319
2 Spectroscopic properties......Page 329
3 Non-spectroscopic laser studies of positronium......Page 337
1 Annihilation......Page 338
2 Scattering theory......Page 342
7.3 Experimental studies of positronium annihilation in gases......Page 348
7.4 Slowing down......Page 354
7.5 Bound states involving positronium......Page 360
7.6 Studies with positronium beams......Page 365
1 The production of positronium beams by positron–gas collisions......Page 366
2 Scattering experiments with positronium beams......Page 370
8.1 The positronium negative ion......Page 374
8.2 Systems containing more than one positron......Page 380
1 Introduction......Page 384
2 Antiproton deceleration, trapping and cooling......Page 386
3 Possible methods of low energy antihydrogen production......Page 388
4 Prospects for antihydrogen physics......Page 398
A International conferences on positron annihilation......Page 401
B International workshops on positron collisions in gases......Page 402
D Positron and positronium chemistry......Page 403
E Others......Page 404
References......Page 405
Index......Page 461