Positive Energy Buildings: Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
	1 Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs)—Enabling Consumer-Centred Clean Energy Transition and Contributing to Climate Neutrality
		1.1 Global Perspective to Climate Change and Buildings
		1.2 European Perspective to Climate Change and Buildings
	2 Current EU Climate and Energy Framework for 2030
		2.1 Climate Policy
		2.2 Energy Policy
	3 Energy Performance of the Buildings
	4 Energy Efficiency Directive
	5 Renewable Energy Directive
	6 Electricity Market Design
	7 Governance Regulation
		7.1 Current Framework and PEBs
	8 European Green Deal—The EU’s Goal and Actions to Become Climate-Neutral by 2050
		8.1 Increasing the EU’s Climate Ambition
		8.2 Supplying Clean, Affordable and Secure Energy
		8.3 Building and Renovating in Energy and Resource-Efficient Way
	9 Renovation Wave
	10 European Bauhaus Initiative
	11 EU Strategy on Energy System Integration (Including Mobility)
		11.1 Mobilising Research and Fostering Innovation
		11.2 Financing the Transition
	12 Existing PEBs in Europe
	References
Research-Based Definition of a PEB
	1 Background of the Positive Energy Building (PEB) Term
		1.1 The Origin of PEB Concepts
		1.2 Comparison of Different Zero-Energy Building Concepts with PEB
	2 A Technical Framework for PEBs
		2.1 System Boundaries for PEB
		2.2 Energy Balancing
		2.3 Emissions and Embodied Energy
		2.4 Flexibility
		2.5 Mobility
	3 A Social Framework for PEBs
		3.1 Indoor Environment
		3.2 User Engagement
		3.3 Resilience and Data Security of PEB
		3.4 Economic Considerations
	4 A Technically and Socially Feasible PEB Definition
		4.1 PEB as an Energy Community
		4.2 PEB in Relation to the EU’s Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI)
	5 Key Learnings
	References
Opportunities and Challenges for Wider Roll-Out of PEBs
	1 Background
	2 Regulatory Aspects
	3 Social Aspects
	4 Financial Aspects
	5 Technology Related Aspects
	6 Renewable Energy Technologies for PEBs
		6.1 Renewable Energy Systems’ Potential in Different Locations
		6.2 Solar
		6.3 Wind
		6.4 Hydro
		6.5 Geothermal
		6.6 Heat Pumps
		6.7 Biomass
		6.8 Summary of the RES technologies
	7 Energy Storage Systems
		7.1 Compressed Air Storage
		7.2 Batteries
		7.3 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
		7.4 Comparison of the Storage Technologies
	8 The Integration of PEB’s Energy Systems to the city’s Energy Infrastructure
	9 PEB in the Context of a Zero-Emission Society
	10 Key Learnings
	References
Integration of the PEB Concept in Local and Regional Planning Instruments
	1 Introduction
	2 Policies Striving Towards Carbon Neutral Built Environment
		2.1 European Energy and Climate Strategies Related to PEBs
		2.2 Cities’ Climate Policies
		2.3 Urban Planning
	3 Interviewing Local Authorities Around Europe
	4 Local Authorities’ Experiences from the NZEBs and Expectations Towards PEBs
		4.1 Is the NZEB Regulation Good Enough for a Sustainable Future?
		4.2 Local Authorities’ Reaction and Expectations Towards PEBs
		4.3 The Role of PEBs as a Part of Broader Energy Systems
		4.4 Affordability and Financing of PEBs
		4.5 The Value of Pilots and Sharing of Learnings
		4.6 Relevant Stakeholders in the PEB Development
	5 The Role of NZEB and PEB in the Policy and Planning Instruments
		5.1 Policy and Planning Instruments Used in Cities and Regions with Impacts to NZEB and PEB
		5.2 Successful Spatial Plan Supporting PEBs
		5.3 Revising Policy and Planning Instruments to Encourage PEBs
		5.4 Feedback About Building Standards, Codes and Permits
	6 Guidebook: How to Integrate PEB Concept in Local and Regional Planning Instruments
		6.1 City Leaders: Reserve Space for PEB Solutions in the Sustainability Vision
		6.2 District Developers: Successful PEB Projects Require Wide Collaboration
		6.3 City Officials: Institutional Arrangements and Powers Influencing PEB Development
		6.4 Urban Planners: Embedding PEB Considerations into Urban Planning Frameworks
		6.5 Building Owners and Constructors: Learnings for Planning Individual Buildings or Building Clusters
		6.6 City Officers and District Developers: The Power of Pilots
		6.7 Policymakers: Financing of Inclusive Development of Sustainable Built Environment
		6.8 Policymakers: Policies and Regulations Should Motivate, not Hinder
	7 Key Learnings
	8 Appendix 1. Questions In The Survey For Local And Regional Authorities
	References
Technical Implementation
	1 Implementing PEBs in Different Climatic Zones
		1.1 Implementing PEBs in Nordic Climate (Finland)
		1.2 Implementing PEBs in Mediterranean Climate (Spain)
		1.3 Implementing PEBs in a Coastal Climate (Belgium)
		1.4 Implementing PEBs in a Continental Climate (Austria)
	2 The Role of Digitalisation in PEBs
		2.1 The Benefits of Digitalisation in PEBs
		2.2 Enabling Energy Efficiency
		2.3 Privacy and Security Challenges with Digitalisation
	3 Business Models for Implementing PEBs
	4 Key Learnings
	References