Port Business

Part 1: Development of Ports   1   Chapter 1: History of Ports: The Ten Aims of a Port   3   1.1 Ancient Egypt   3   1.2 Roman Empire   7   1.3 Constantinople   12   1.4 Venice and the Mediterranean Merchant Trade   15   1.5 Imperial China: Early Ming Dynasty   16   1.6 Hanseatic League   20   1.7 Historical Drivers of Port Development   28   Chapter 2: Driver of Port Business   31   2.1 Economic Drivers   33   2.2 Political Drivers   35   2.3 Logistical Drivers   38   2.4 Technical Drivers   40   2.5 Financial Drivers   44   2.6 The "Port Model"   45   2.7 Impact on "Port Master Planning" Process   49   Chapter 3: Major Commercial Ports   51   3.1 Classification of Ports   51   3.2 Container Ports   56   3.3 General Cargo Ports   61   3.4 Liquid Bulk Ports   65   3.5 Dry Bulk Ports   67   3.6 RoRo Ports   68   3.7 Ferry Ports   72   3.8 Passenger Ports   73   3.9 Cruise Ports   75   Part 2: Ports in Maritime Supply Chain   79   Chapter 4: The Role of Ports in Supply Chains   81   4.1 Definition "Ports"   81   4.2 Port Functions   83   4.3 Port Customer Groups   84   4.4 Port Cluster   86   4.5 "Port" Terms in Common Use   87   Port versus Terminal   87   Container Port   89   General Cargo Port   90   Bulk Port   90   RoRo Port   90   Ferry Port   90   Passenger Port   91   Cruise Port   91   Universal Port   91   Dedicated Port/Terminal   91   Main Port   93   Major Port   93   Minor Port   94   Hub Port + Feeder Port   94   Gateway Port   96   Way Port/Zero-Deviation Port   97   Transhipment Port + Transit Port   97   Regional Port   100   Sea Port   101   Deep Water Port   101   River Port   102   Inland Port   103   Dry Port   103   Free Port   103   State Port/Service Port/Public Port   104   Autonomous Port   104   Tool Port   104   Landlord Port   104   Private Port   105   Industrial Port/Factory Port   105   Home Port (Cruise)   105   Commercial Port/Noncommercial Port   106   Statistical Port   106   Big Port   106   Chapter 5: Trade & Transportation   107   5.1 Macroeconomic Relations   107      5.2 Drivers of Global Trade   116   Political Alliances and Free Trade Agreements   116   Deregulation and Privatization of Public Services   117   Distribution of Natural Resources   118   Globalization of Sourcing and Production   119   Spreading Out of Buyer Markets   120   Environmental Awareness   121   Innovations   122   Integrated Supply Chain Logistics   122   5.3 Antitrade Movements/Protectionism   123   5.4 Transport Value and Affinity   125   5.5 International Commercial Terms   131   Chapter 6: Ports in Transportation Chain   137   6.1 The Role of Ports in Supply Chain   137   6.2 Port Hinterland   143   Loco-Potential   147   6.3 Ports and Shipping Networks   148   Shipping Networks   148   Port Networks   154   6.4 Port Costs in Transportation Chains   161   Chapter 7: Cargoes   165   7.1 Port Cargo Categories   168   Liquid Bulk   171   Dry Bulk   173   General Cargo, Break Bulk, Heavy Lift, Oversized   174   Container   177   RoRo Cargo   179   All Cargoes   180   7.2 Cargo Measurement   183   Linear Measure or Unit of Length: Two-Dimensional   184   Solid Measure or Cubic Measure: Three-Dimensional   185   Weight Measure/Ton Deinitions   185   Billing Systems: Weight + Volume   187   Arabesque: Additional "Ton" Definitions   189   Unit Measure   191   Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)   191   Intermodal Transport Unit (ITU)   193   Flat or Flat Rack   193   RoRo Unit or RoRo Flat   193   Car Equivalent Unit (CEU)   194   Verified Gross Mass (VGM)   195   7.3 Errors in Port Cargo Measurement   195   Workflow Difficulties   196   Ineffective Enforcement   196   Perception that Weight Is Peripheral   196   Using Different Standards to Measure   197   Statistical Consequences   198   Part 3: Port Management   203   Chapter 8: Frame Conditions   205   8.1 Port Business Environment   205   8.2 Basic Management Concepts   208   8.3 Port Labor Organization   217   8.4 Cultural and Religious Influence   220   Chapter 9: Port Commercialization and Privatization   223   9.1 Background for Port Reform   223   9.2 Commercialization   225   9.3 Privatization   227   The French Example   228   9.4 Ways to Privatize   229   Chapter 10: Port Governance   233   10.1 Port Authorities   233   10.2 Sphere of Activity: The PA-Paradox   238   10.3 Objectives of a Port Authority   243   10.4 PA Task Overview   248   Executive Management   248   Strategic Planning   249   Engineering and Real Estate   251   Access Channel and Turning Basins   252   Finance and Administration   253   Legal   257   Human Resources   259   Origination/Business Development   259   Public Affairs and Economic Analysis   260   Port Security and Emergency Operations   261   Terminal Operations (Optional
 Often for Smaller Ports)   262   10.5 Port Policy and Regulation   263   10.6 Intraport Competition   266   10.7 Case Studies   269   Port of Rotterdam Authority, The Netherlands   270   The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, Singapore   274   Port of Los Angeles, USA   277   Chapter 11: Port Operator   283   11.1 Classification   284   11.2 Terminal Operator   288   11.3 Port Facilities Operator   292   11.4 Port Service Operator   294   11.5 Global Container Terminal Operator   296   11.6 Terminal Operators Growth Path   310   Chapter 12: Port Cost Analysis   313   12.1 Port Dues   316   12.2 Cargo Fees   323   12.3 Miscellaneous   325   12.4 Port Costs Benchmarking   326   Chapter 13: Cargo Demand Forecasting   331   13.1 Port Master Plan   332   13.2 Demand Forecasting Models   335   13.3 Case Studies   341   Chapter 14: Financing Port Development   345   14.1 Financial Planning   348   14.2 Public-Private Partnerships   353   Principles of Port Investment Finance   354   Financing Structure   355   Debt   356   Equity   357   14.3 Alternative Port Financing and Management Schemes   357   Chapter 15: Lobbying   361   15.1 Mission of Port Lobbying   362   15.2 Players and Target Groups   363     15.3 Advocate of Port Policy   369   15.4 Port Marketing   372   Part 4: Subjects with a Major Impact on   Port Business   377   Chapter 16: Increased Economic Efficiency   379   16.1 Economies of Scale for Ships and Ports   379   Container Vessel Size   379   Larger Terminals   383   Deep Water   384   Dedicated Terminals
 Vertical Integration
 Concentration   385   Horizontal Integration   386   16.2 Performance Measurement   387   Technical Port and Terminal Indicator   387   Trade Indicator   389   Weighting Rules   391   16.3 Productivity of Container Terminals   392   16.4 Overcoming Market Imbalances   401   16.5 Port Competition   402   Chapter 17: Tendency to Oligopolize   405   17.1 "Big Is Beautiful"-Impact of Mega Vessels   406   17.2 Vertical Integration of Services   410   17.3 Horizontal Integration of Services   413   Chapter 18: Affairs of Geostrategic Concern   417   18.1 Port Positioning in Global Container Trade   417   18.2 Offshore Resourcing   421   18.3 OBOR/BRI/New Maritime Silk Road   424   18.4 Arctic Shipping   427   Chapter 19: Global Maritime Bottlenecks   431   19.1 Major Oil Chokepoints   431   19.2 Strategic Canals: Panama, Suez, etc.   437   19.3 Backlash on Ports   445   Chapter 20: Port-City Interface   447   20.1 Historic Port-City Relations   447   20.2 Regional & City Development Policies   450   20.3 Port Industry   452   20.4 Cruise Shipping/Tourism   455   20.5 Port Hinterland Access   457   Chapter 21: Port Community Systems   461   21.1 Background of PCS   461   International PCS Association-Definitions   463   Typical PCS Services   464   21.2 Big Data in Port Business   465   21.3 Maritime 4.0   468   21.4 Game Changer: Blockchain   470   Chapter 22: Environmental Issues   473   22.1 Emission Control Areas   475   22.2 Bunker Fuel   480   Alternatives-LNG, Methanol, and Scrubbers   483   22.3 Green Ships   484   22.4 Green Ports   486   22.5 Marine Environment   488   Appendices   491   Appendix A: Abbreviations   493   Appendix B: Glossary   499   Appendix C: Bibliography   511   Articles and Working Papers   511   Books   512   Dissertations and Theses   514   Magazines, Newspapers, and Periodicals   516   Maritime Statistics   517   Private Reports and Documents   517   Public Internet Websites (plus date when visited)   518   Appendix D: Definition: "Container"   521   Index   527