Poppy: The Genus Papaver (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
POPPY: The Genus Papaver......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
FOREWORD......Page 8
PREFACE TO THE SERIES......Page 10
PREFACE......Page 12
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 14
1 APPEARANCE OF POPPY IN ANCIENT CULTURES......Page 16
3 MODERN APPLICATIONS OF OPIATES......Page 18
4 RECENT HISTORY OF POPPY......Page 19
REFERENCES......Page 20
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 22
2.2 Anatomy of Vegetative Organs......Page 23
2.4 Inflorescence Structure, Embryology and Pollen Morphology......Page 24
2.6 Fruit and Seed......Page 25
2.7 Phytochemistry......Page 26
3.1.2 Eschscholzioideae (Ernst)......Page 28
3.2.1 Chelidonioideae......Page 30
3.2.4 Papaveroideae......Page 31
6.1.1 Morphology and Karyology......Page 32
6.1.2 Photochemical Characteristics......Page 35
6.1.3 Species and Geographical Distribution......Page 36
6.2.2 Phytochemical Characters......Page 38
6.4.1 Morphology and Karyology......Page 39
6.5.1 Morphology and Karyology......Page 41
6.5.3 Species and Geographical Distribution......Page 42
6.6.1 Morphology......Page 43
6.7.3 Geographical Distribution......Page 44
6.8.2 Phytochemical Characters......Page 45
6.9.1 Morphology and Karyology......Page 46
6.9.2 Phytochemical Characters......Page 47
6.10.1 Morphology and Kaiyology......Page 48
6.11.1 Morphology and Karyology......Page 50
6.11.3 Geographical Distribution......Page 53
8 CLASSIFICATION OF DOMESTICATED PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 57
1.1 Root......Page 62
1.2.1 Stem......Page 63
1.2.3 Pedicel......Page 65
2.1.1 Development of the Flower (Sárkány and Szalay 1964)......Page 66
2.1.2 Characterisation of the Slower......Page 67
2.1.3.1 Perianth......Page 68
2.1.3.3 Gynoecium......Page 69
2.2 Fruit......Page 70
2.3.1 Characteristics of Seed......Page 72
3.1 General Characteristics......Page 75
3.2 Fine Structure......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
1.1 Characteristic Phases of Development......Page 80
1.2 Accumulation of Alkaloids During the Life Cycle......Page 81
2.1.1 Photoregulation......Page 85
2.1.3 Effect of Light on Alkaloid Accumulation......Page 86
2.2.1 Thermoregulation......Page 89
2.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Dry Matter Production......Page 92
2.2.4 Effect of Temperature on Alkaloid Accumulation......Page 93
2.3.1 Effect of Water on Growth and Development......Page 95
2.3.2 Effect of Water on Alkaloid Accumulation......Page 97
2.4.1 Macroelements......Page 98
2.4.2 Microelements......Page 100
2.5 Biotic Factors......Page 101
2.6 Complex Physio-ecological Regulation of the Alkaloid Production......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 104
2 CYTOGENETTCS AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......Page 108
2.2 Male Sterility......Page 109
3.2 Inheritance of Flower Colour......Page 110
4 INHERITANCE OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 111
5 BREEDING......Page 112
5.1 Exploitation of Heterosis......Page 113
5.3 Selection Criteria......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 115
2 BENZYLISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS......Page 120
2.1 Papaverine......Page 121
2.3 Reticuline......Page 122
2.4 Laudanosine......Page 124
2.6 Codamine......Page 125
3.1 Morphine and Codeine......Page 126
3.2 Thebaine......Page 128
3.4 Neopine......Page 131
3.5 Pseudomorphine......Page 132
3.6 Salutaridine......Page 133
3.7 Somniferine......Page 134
4.1 Isoboldine......Page 135
4.2 Corytuberine......Page 136
5 BENZO[C]PHENANTHRIDINE ALKALOIDS......Page 137
5.2 Norsanguinarine......Page 138
6.1 Porphyroxine (Papaverrubine D)......Page 139
6.5 Glaudine......Page 140
7.1 Narcotine......Page 141
7.2 Narcotoline......Page 142
8.2 Narceinone......Page 143
9.1 Berberine......Page 144
9.2 Canadine......Page 145
9.4 Scoulerine......Page 146
10 PROTOPINE ALKALOIDS......Page 147
10.2 Allocryptopine......Page 148
10.4 Protopine......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 150
2.1 DAHP Synthase......Page 174
2.3 3-Dehydroquinate Synthase-Shikimate Dehydrogenase......Page 177
2.5 5-Enoylpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate (ESPS) Synthase......Page 178
3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHENYLALANINE, TYROSINE AND TRYPTOPHAN......Page 179
3.2 Biosynthesis of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine......Page 180
3.2.1 Chorismate Mutase......Page 182
3.2.4 Arogenate Dehydrogenase......Page 183
4 BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE PRIMARY PRECURSORS OF THE BENZYLISOQUINOLINE SKELETON......Page 184
4.1 Tyrosine/3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine Decarboxylase......Page 186
5.1 (S)-Norcoclaurine Synthase......Page 187
5.5 3'-Hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-reticuline-4'-O-methyltransferase......Page 189
6.1 1,2-Dehydroreticuline Reductase......Page 190
7 BIOSYNTHESIS OF THEBAINE FROM (R)-RETICULINE......Page 191
7.1 Salutaridine Synthase......Page 192
7.2 Salutaridine: NADPH 7-oxidoreductase......Page 193
8 BIOSYNTHESIS OF CODEINE AND MORPHINE FROM THEBAINE......Page 194
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
2 EFFECT OF CULTURAL CONDITIONS AND PLANT REGENERATION ON MORPHINANE ALKALOID PRODUCTION......Page 204
2.2 Plant Regeneration......Page 208
2.3 Morphinane Production with Laticifer Formation......Page 209
3 ALKALOID PRODUCTION IN SUSPENSION CELL CULTURES......Page 210
4 BIOTRANSFORMATIONS OF ALKALOIDS......Page 213
4.1 Bio transformation of Codeinone to Codeine......Page 214
4.1.1 Immobilisation of Cell Cultures......Page 215
4.2 Conversion of Codeine to Morphine......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 218
2 CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR LATEX PROTEINS......Page 224
3.1 Biolistic Transformation of Poppy Somatic Embryos......Page 226
3.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation and Regeneration of Poppy......Page 227
4 CLONING OF ALKALOID PATHWAY GENES......Page 228
5 FUTURE PROSPECTS: METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF ALKALOID PATHWAYS......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
2 CULTIVATION OF STRAW AND SEED......Page 234
3 LAND AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS......Page 236
4 PREPARATION OF SOIL AND FERTILIZATION......Page 237
5 SOWING......Page 238
6.1 Plant Density and Thinning......Page 241
6.3 Weed Control......Page 242
7 PLANT PROTECTION......Page 244
8 HARVESTING AND POST-HARVEST TREATMENT......Page 245
9 CHARACTERISTIC CULTIVARS......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
2.1 Main Production Areas......Page 252
2.2.1 Selection of the Land......Page 253
2.2.2 Plant Material......Page 254
2.2.4 Sowing......Page 255
2.2.6 Plant Protection......Page 256
2.2.7 Harvesting......Page 257
3.1 Main Production Areas......Page 258
3.2.1 Selection of the Land......Page 259
3.2.3 Harvesting......Page 260
4.2.2 Harvesting......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
1 INTRODUCTION......Page 264
3 SITE SELECTION......Page 267
4 GERMPLASM AND SEED SELECTION......Page 268
5.1 Crop Rotation......Page 270
5.5 Nutrition......Page 271
5.5.2 Methods and Rates of Fertilizer Application......Page 272
5.5.4 Boron......Page 273
5.7 Growth Regulation......Page 274
5.8.1 Irrigation and Nitrogen Interactions......Page 275
5.9.1 Plant Density and Lodging......Page 279
5.9.2 Rectangularity......Page 280
5.9.4 Irrigation and Plant Density Interactions......Page 281
6.1 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum......Page 283
6.2 Entyloma fuscum......Page 284
7.1.1 Changes in Dry Matter......Page 285
7.1.3 Effects of Rain and Delayed Harvest......Page 288
7.2 Drying and Storage......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
2 BOTANY AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 294
3 CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY......Page 295
4 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN SECTION OXYTONA......Page 296
5.2.1 Direct Sowing vs. Transplanting......Page 297
5.3.2 Thebaine Fluctuations During Plant Development......Page 298
6.1 Genetic Variation in Thebaine Yield Components, Heritability and Selection Response......Page 299
6.3 Chemical Spectrum of Inter-specific Hybrids......Page 300
7 TISSUE CULTURE FOR ALKALOID PRODUCTION AND VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
2.1 Morphine......Page 306
2.2 Codeine......Page 310
2.3 Narcotine......Page 311
2.4 Papaverine......Page 312
3.1 Thebaine......Page 313
3.3 Neopine......Page 315
3.6 Laudanosine......Page 316
3.9 Protopine......Page 317
3.11 Cryptopine......Page 318
3.14 Corytuberine......Page 319
3.17 Sanguinarine......Page 320
3.21 Stepholidine......Page 321
3.23 Berberine......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 323
1.1.1 Opium......Page 334
1.1.2 Poppy Straw......Page 336
1.2.1 Extraction of Opium......Page 337
1.2.3 Extraction from Straw Concentrate......Page 339
1.4 World Stocks of Narcotic Drugs......Page 341
2.1 Opium Production Estimates......Page 343
2.1.1 World Area of Illicit Cultivation......Page 345
2.1.3.2 South Asia......Page 346
2.1.3.3 West Asia (golden crescent)......Page 347
2.2 Main Routes of Illicit Opium Traffic......Page 348
3 OBJECTIVES OF INTERNATIONAL DRUG CONTROL......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
1 FIELDS OF UTILIZATION......Page 352
2.1 Seed Oil......Page 353
2.3 Sterols......Page 354
3 WORLD TRADE OF POPPY SEED......Page 355
REFERENCES......Page 356