Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease

Cover
POLYPHENOLS:
PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT OF
HUMAN DISEASE
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Vascular and Cardiac Disease and Cancer
1
The Pharmacology of Avenanthramides: Polyphenols
	Introduction
	Occurrence and Biosynthesis
	In Vitro Pharmacological Activities
		Antiatherosclerosis
		Antiinflammatory
		Antioxidant
		Anticancer
	In Vivo Studies on Avenanthramides
	Pharmacokinetics, Biotransformation, and Bioavailibility
	Conclusion
	References
2
Folate Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria
	Introduction
	Folate Metabolism and Bioavailability
	Folate Deficiencies: Implications in Health and Disease
		Folate and Neural Tube Defects
		Folate and Anemia
		Folate and Depression
		Folate and Autism
		Folate and Cardiovascular Disease
		Folate and Cancer
	Folic Acid Fortification and Supplementation
	Folate Biosynthesis by Lactic Acid Bacteria
		Folate and Probiotics
		Folate Production Using Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
3
A Triterpenoid Commonly Found in Human Diet: Ursolic Acid
	General Information
	Ursolic Acid and Health
		Anticancer Effects
		Antiinflammatory Effects
		Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases
		Effects on Renal Health
		Antidiabetic Effects
		Antigenotoxic Effects
		Other Effects
	Toxic Effects of Ursolic Acid
	Conclusions
	References
4
The Major Flavonoid of Grapefruit: Naringin
	General Information
	Bioavailability and Kinetics
	Naringin and Health
		Anticancer Effects
		Effects on Cardiovascular System
		Hepatoprotective Effects
		Effects on Kidney
		Effects on Respiratory Tract
		Effects on Central Nervous System
		Antidiabetic Effects
		Regulatory Effects on Lipid Metabolism
		Effects on Bone Health
		Estrogenic Effects
		Antioxidant Effects
		Antigenotoxic Effects
	Toxic Effects of Naringin
	Conclusion
	References
5
Structural Evaluation and Toxicological Study of a Bitter Masking Bioactive Flavanone, `Eriodictyol
	Introduction
	Materials and Methodology
		Materials
		Computational Methodology
	Results and Discussions
		Optimization of Stable Conformer of Eriodictyol
		Frontier Molecular Orbitals and Structural Parameters
		Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Analysis
		UV-Visible Spectral Analysis
		NMR Spectroscopic Analysis
		Electric Field Gradient Parameters
		Toxicology and Drug Score Analysis
	Conclusion
	References
Section II: Cardiac Health and Polyphenols
6
Postprandial Effects of Wine Consumption Along With a Meal on the Main Pathophysiological Systems
	Introduction
		Epidemiological Evidence for the Beneficial Effect of Wine
		Wine Microconstituents and Their Cardioprotective Actions
	Postprandial State and Atherosclerosis
	Postprandial Interventions
		Effects on Lipids and Glycemic Control
		Effects on Oxidative Stress
		Effects on Hemostatic Factors
		Effects on Inflammation and Endothelial Function
	Conclusions
	References
7
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Polyphenol-Induced Beneficial Effects on Cardiac Remodeling
	Introduction to Pathological Cardiac Remodeling
	Beneficial Effects of Polyphenols in Cardiac Remodeling
	Effects of Polyphenols on Signaling Pathways Involved in Cardiac Remodeling
		Ca2+-Mediated Signaling
		MAPK Pathways
		Polyphenols and Inflammation
		Oxidative Stress
	Polyphenols and Intracellular Calcium Handling
	Polyphenols and Cardiac Fibrosis
	Polyphenols and Autophagy in Cardiac Myocytes
	Polyphenols and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiac Remodeling
	Conclusion Remarks
	References
8
Effect of Cranberry Polyphenols and Metabolites on Microbial Activity and Impact on Urinary Tract Health
	Introduction
	Cranberry Polyphenols
	Absorption, Metabolism and Bioavailability of Cranberry Polyphenols
		Proanthocyanidins (PACs)
		Anthocyanins
		Flavonols
	Urinary Tract Infection Cycle
	Cranberry Components and Mechanisms of Action
		Antiadhesion
		Biofilm Formation and Motility
		Link to Inflammation, Immunity, and Gut Flora
	Clinical Outcomes
	Summary
	References
9
Cranberry Polyphenols: Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
	Introduction
		History of the North American Cranberry
	Cranberry Polyphenols
		Proanthocyanidins
		Anthocyanins
		Flavonols
		Phenolic and Benzoic Acids
		Total Phenolics
		Stilbenes, Terpenes, and Sterols
	Total Phenolic Content of Cranberry Products
	In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Cranberry Composition
	Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health
	Cranberry Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health
		Antioxidant Activity
			Ex Vivo Studies
			Animal Studies
			Human Studies
		Oxidized LDL
		Dyslipidemia
		Vascular Health/Hypertension
		Antiplatelet Aggregation
		Glucose Control and Diabetes
		Antiinflammation
	Summary
	References
	Further Reading
Section III: Cancer Prevention and Treatment by Polyphenols
10
An Insight of Polyphenols in Lung Cancer Chemoprevention
	Introduction
	Chemoprevention
	Polyphenols and Lung Cancer
		Green Tea Polyphenols
		Pomegranate Polyphenols
		Silybinin
		Genistein
		Curcumin
		Resveratrol
		Fisetin
		Quercetin
		Luteolin
	Conclusion
	References
11
Mushroom Polyphenols as Chemopreventive Agents
	Introduction
	Phenolic Compounds in Mushrooms
		Phenolic Acids
		Flavonoids
		Other Phenolics
	Review of in vitro Studies on Chemopreventive Phenolics in Mushrooms
	Review of in vivo Studies on Chemopreventive Phenolics in Mushrooms
	Conclusions
	References
12
Pleiotropic Molecular Effects of Dietary Polyphenols Resveratrol and Apigenin in Leukemia
	Introduction
	Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol in Cancer
	Molecular Targets of Resveratrol in Leukemia
		Modulation of Apoptosis by Resveratrol
		Cell Cycle as a Target of Resveratrol
		miRNAs as Molecular Target of Resveratrol
		Resveratrol in Multidrug Resistance
		Sphingolipid Metabolism as a Potential Target of Resveratrol
		Challenges of Resveratrol in Leukemia Research
	The Importance of Apigenin in Human Health
		Molecular Action Mechanisms of Apigenin in Cancer Prevention
		Molecular Targets of Apigenin in Leukemia
	Conclusion
	References
13
The Polyphenolic Compound Apigenin and Applications to Cervical Cancer
	Introduction
	Cervical Cancer Natural History
	Invasive Cervical Cancer Treatment/Intervention Modalities
	Chemotherapy Drugs Currently Available for the Treatment of Invasive Cervical Cancer
	Naturally Occurring Compounds and Applications to Invasive Cervical Cancer
	The Polyphenolic Compound Apigenin and Applications to Cervical Cancer
	Conclusion
	References
14
An Outside-In and a Reciprocal Inside-Out Hypothesis Combining Resveratrol and Its High Affinity Protein NQO2 ...
	Introduction
	Skin Cancer, Especially Melanoma, Remains a Public Health Challenge in the United States
	UV Exposure and Risk of Melanomagenesis
	Role p53, ASPP, and iASPP Play in Melanomagenesis
		Role of p53
		Role of ASPP and iASPP
	p53 and iASPP are Targets of Resveratrol and Other Dietary Polyphenols in the Prevention of Melanomagenesis
		Melanoma is Amenable to Chemoprevention
		p53 and iASPP as Molecular Intervention Targets
		Control of Melanomagenesis by Resveratrol
		Reinstating WTp53 Activity by Resveratrol Via iASPP Nuclear Phosphorylation
		Reinstating WTp53 Activity by Resveratrol Via NQO2-Mediated p53 Degradation
		Control of Melanomagenesis by Phytochemicals
	Conclusion
	References
15
Counteracting Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutation in Melanoma Using Dietary Polyphenols
	Introduction
	Discovery of BRAF
	BRAF Mutation in Human Cancer and Melanoma
		Biological Significance
		Clinical Implications
		Standard-of-Care and BRAF-Targeting Treatment Modalities for Melanoma
		BRAF-Specific Inhibitors, e.g., PLX 4032 (FDA-Approved Zelboraf)
	Overcoming Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutations in Melanoma With Dietary Agents-Blockade of De Novo Acquired Resistance  ...
	Perspectives and Conclusion
	References
16
Role of Natural Compounds in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
	Introduction
	Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
	Novel Targets for CLL Therapy
	Natural Compounds for CLL Treatment
		Curcumin
		Quercetin
		Resveratrol
		Epigallocatechin Gallate
		Apigenin
		Ellagic Acid
		Acacetin
		Chrysin
		Wogonin
	Conclusions
	References
17
Polyphenols and Breast Cancer Prevention-A Summary of the Epidemiologic Evidence
	Introduction
	Human Consumption of Plant Food Phenols
	Breast Cancer Risk Related to Different Classes of Polyphenols
		Total Flavonoids
		Flavonols
		Flavanols
		Procyanidins
		Flavanones
		Anthocyanidins
		Isoflavones
		Flavones
		Lignans
	Breast Cancer Risk Related to Polyphenol Containing Beverages
		Black Tea
		Green Tea
		Coffee
	Biomarker Studies
	Conclusions
	References
18
Resveratrol Inhibitory Effects Against a Malignant Tumor: A Molecular Insight
	Cancer Burden
	Resveratrol Characteristics Summary
	Cancer Cell Characterization and Resveratrol Action
	Regulation of the Cell Cycle and Transcription Factors by Resveratrol
	Cell Cytoskeleton and Migration Implemented by Resveratrol
	Mitochondrial Function Regulated by Resveratrol
	Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol
	Anticancer Sensitization Effects of Resveratrol
	Conclusion
	References
19
Biological Activity of Resveratrol on an Ovarian Cancer Cell
	Ovarian Cancer Overview
	The Management of Ovarian Cancer
	Angiogenesis-Inhibiting Treatment in Ovarian Cancer Patients
	Maintenance Treatment of Ovarian Cancer With Mutated BRCA Genes
	Ovarian Cancer Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol
	Regulatory Functions of Resveratrol on Ovarian Cancer Cell Cycle and Transcriptional Factors
	Glucose Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer Cell and Resveratrol
	Conclusion
	References
Section IV: Inflammation and Immune Function: Polyphenols
20
Antiarthritic Effects of Turmeric and Curcumin: A Revisit
	Introduction
	Plants in Arthritis
		Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) in Arthritis
		Antiarthritic Effects of Turmeric/Curcumin Alone and in Combination With Clinically Used Agents: Preclinical Studies
		Curcumin is Effective in Reducing Arthritis: Clinical Studies
		Mechanism of Action
		Curcumin Possesses Free Radical Scavenging Effects
		Curcumin Suppresses Production of B Cell-Activating Factor
		Curcumin Possesses Antiinflammatory Activity
		Curcumin Decreases the Activation of Signal Transduction Pathways
		Curcumin Decreases Nuclear Transcription Factors
		Curcumin Decreases Matrix Metalloproteinases
		Curcumin Induces Apoptosis of Synovial Fibroblasts
	Conclusions
	References
21
Effects of Polyphenols on Inflammatory-Allergic Conditions: Experimental and Clinical Evidences
	Introduction
		Supplementation of Polyphenols to the Feed of Farmed Sea Bass
		Potential Benefits of Polyphenol Administration to Obese People
		Effects of Polyphenols Under Allergic Conditions
	Conclusion
	References
	Further Reading
22
Polyphenols and Immune System
	Introduction
		Polyphenols
		Innate Immune System
		Adaptive Immune System
		Oxidative Stress
		Inflammation
		Aging and Inflammaging
		Polyphenols, Inflammation, and Immunity
		Flavonoids on Immunity and Inflammation
			Quercetin
			Anthocyanins, Procyanidins, Epicatechin, Catechin
			Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin
			Curcumin
			Phenolic Acids
			Polyphenols Modulate Epigenetic Mechanism
			Polyphenols and Immunonutrition
	Conclusion
	References
Section V: Gastrointestinal, Liver Health and Polyphenols
23
Antioxidants and Polyphenols in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
	The Pathogenesis of UC and CD
		Dysregulated Immune Reaction
		Environmental Factors
		Disease Susceptibility Genes
	Reactive Oxygen Species in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
		Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
		ROS in IBD
	Oxidants and Antioxidants and Role of Polyphenols in the Experimental Colitis
		Polyphenols
			Curcumin
			Flavanols and Green Tea
			Anthocyanins
			Isoflavones
			Flavonols
			Flavanones
			Flavones
		Superoxide Dismutase
		Herbal Remedies
		Free Radical Scavengers
		Glutathione
		iNOS Inhibitor
	Antioxidants in Human IBD
		Curcumin
		Green Tea and EGCG ((-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate)-rich Polyphenon E
		Bilberry and Anthocyanins
		Wheat Grass Juice
		Resveratrol
		SOD
		Fish Oil
		Allopurinol
	References
	Further Reading
24
Red Propolis: Phenolics, Polyphenolics, and Applications to Microbiological Health and Disease
	Introduction
	Propolis Chemical Composition
		Compounds Identified in Brazilian Red Propolis
	Red Propolis Biological Activity
		Antimicrobial Activity
			Effects on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease
		Antiinflammatory Activity
	Clinical Use of Red Propolis and Its Isolated Molecules
	Concluding Remarks
	References
25
Viral Disease and Use of Polyphenolic Compounds
	Polyphenolic Compounds
	The Replication Cycle of Virus and the Target of Antiviral Activity
	Antiviral Polyphenol Compounds Against RNA Viruses
		Human Norovirus and Its Surrogates
		Rotavirus (RV)
		Enteroviruses
		Influenza Virus
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
		Other Viruses
	Antiviral Polyphenol Compounds Against DNA Viruses
		Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
		Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
		Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
	Conclusion
	References
26
Hepatoprotective Effects of Curcumin in Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Memoir on the Preclinical Studies
	Introduction
	Curcumin in the Protection of Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity
	Turmeric in Traditional Medicine
	Curcumin is a Pleiotropic Pharmacological Polyphenol
	Curcumin Protects Against Alcohol-Induced Hepatotoxicity
	Conclusions
	References
27
Turmeric and Its Principal Polyphenol Curcumin as a Nontoxic Gastroprotective Agent: Recent Update
	Introduction
	Plants as Gastroprotective Agent
		Turmeric, the Indian Culinary Gold in Gastroprotection
		Curcumin Protects Against Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer in Rat
		Curcumin Protects Against Pyloric-Ligation Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rat
		Curcumin Protects Against Reserpine-Induced Ulcer in Rat
		Curcumin Protects Against Hypothermic-Restraint Stress-Induced Ulcer in Rat
		Curcumin is Effective Against H. pylori Infection
		Turmeric/Curcumin Gastric Cancer
	Conclusions
	References
	Further Reading
28
Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory, and Prebiotic Properties of Dietary Flavonoids
	Introduction
	In Vitro and Animal Studies
	Human Studies
	Conclusions
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Section VI: Polyphenols and Skin
29
Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Derived Compounds From Plants and Contact Dermatitis
	Introduction
	Allergic Contact Dermatitis
		Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Plant Contact Allergens
			Alk(en)yl Catechols and Alk(en)yl Resorcinols
			1,4-Benzoquinone and Hydroquinone Terpenoids (Phacelioids)
			Alkyl-1,4-benzoquinones, Alkyl-hydroquinones and Their Analogs
			Flavonoids
			Neoflavonoids (Dalbergiones)
			Miscellaneous Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Sensitizers
	Photocontact Dermatitis
		Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Phototoxic Compounds From Plants
			Furanocoumarins
			Anthraquinones and Naphthodianthrones
	Irritant Contact Dermatitis
	Inhibition of Skin Inflammation and Contact Dermatitis
	References
30
Plant Polyphenols: The Futuristic Bioactive Therapeutics for Skin Care
	Introduction
	Types of Polyphenols
	Phytometabolites Vis-a-Vis Traditional System of Medicine
	Concept of Cosmeceuticals
	Skin as Important Organ Vis-a-Vis Environmental Hazards
	Antiskin Aging and Antiacne Effects
	Anticancer and Antitumor Attributes
	Polyphenols Against Skin Parasites and Pathogens
	Antiviral Effects of Polyphenols
	Nanotechnology and Drug Nanocarriers for Polyphenols
	Opportunities, Challenges, and Conclusions
	References
31
Antiinflammatory Activity of Polyphenols on Dendritic Cells
	Introduction
	Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells
		Ontogeny and Classification of Dendritic Cells
		Recognition and Uptake of Antigens
		Antigen Processing and Presentation
		Maturation and Migration of Dendritic Cells
		Dendritic Cell-T Cell Interaction
		Applications of Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapeutic Strategies
			Dendritic Cells in Infectious Diseases
			Dendritic Cells in Antitumor Immunotherapy
			Dendritic Cells in Immunotherapy of Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies and Transplant Rejection
	Modulation of DC Activation and Function by Polyphenols
		Flavonoids
		Stilbenes
		Tannins
		Lignans
		Other Polyphenols
		Modulation of Dendritic Cells by Polyphenols as an Immunotherapeutic Strategy
	Future Perspectives
	References
	Further Reading
Section VII: Polyphenols and Health
32
Effects and Usage of a Citrus Compound, Limonene
	General Information
	Bioavailability and Kinetics
	Limonene and Health
		Anticancer Effects
		Antiinflammatory Effects
		Antimicrobial Effects
		Antioxidant Effects
		Genotoxic and Antigenotoxic Effects
		Other Effects
	Toxic Effects of Limonene
	Conclusion
	References
33
A Phytoestrogen Puerarin and Its Health Effects
	General Information
	Bioavailability and Kinetics
	Puerarin and Health
		Estrogenic Effects
		Effects on Bone Health
		Antidiabetic Effects
		Anticancer Effects
		Hepatoprotective Effects
		Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases
		Effects on Central Nervous System
		Effects on Lipid Metabolism
		Antioxidant Effects
		Other Effects
	Toxic Effects of Puerarin
	Conclusion
	References
34
Galangin as a Plant Phenolic and Usage in Health and Disease
	General Information
	Bioavailability and Kinetics of Galangin
	Galangin and Health
		Anticancer Effects
		Antiinflammatory Effects
		Effects on Bone Health
		Antimicrobial Effects
		Hepatoprotective Effects
		Antidiabetic Effects
		Antioxidant Effects
		Antigenotoxic Effects
		Other Effects
	Toxic Effects of Galangin
	Conclusions
	References
35
Can Green Tea Polyphenols Improve Phenotypes Associated With Down Syndrome?
	Down Syndrome
		Mouse Models of DS
		Early Treatments of DS Traits in DS Mouse Models
	Dyrk1a and DS Phenotypes
	Treatment of Cognitive DS Phenotypes with EGCG
		In Vitro EGCG Treatment to Reduce Dyrk1a Activity and Correct Hippocampal Deficits
		Green Tea Extract Treatment in Mice to Correct Phenotypes Associated With Down Syndrome
		Green Tea Extracts Have Differential Effects on Neurochemical Markers of Amino Acid Transmitter Systems in the Cereb ...
		Combination of Green Tea Extract Treatment and Environmental Enrichment to Improve Cognitive Deficits in Trisomic Mice
		Trisomic Mice Receiving Pure EGCG Treatment Largely Do Not Correct DS Cognitive Phenotypes
	Clinical Trials of Green Tea Extracts to Correct Cognitive Deficits in Individuals With DS
	The Use of EGCG to Potentially Correct Other Phenotypes Related to DS
		EGCG Treatment of Ts65Dn Mice to Correct DS Bone Phenotypes
		In Vitro Correction of Neural Progenitor Cell Deficits in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
		EGCG Treatment to Correct Mitochondrial Deficits Associated With DS
		Green Tea Extract Treatment for Alzheimer Disease-Related Cognitive Deficits
		Treatment With EGCG to Alter Methylation and Proteolytic Activity
		Prenatal and Perinatal Treatment With Pure EGCG at the Time the Deficit is Forming
	Why All of the Differences in the Effects of EGCG in Different Studies?
		The Content, Concentration, and Interaction With Other Polyphenols and Degradation Products With EGCG May Influence  ...
		Development and Timing and Targeting of EGCG Treatment
		Dyrk1a May Not Be a Major Target of EGCG In Vivo
		The Factors of Sexual Dimorphism and Genetics in Treatment
		Treatment With Green Tea Extracts and EGCG May Be Beneficial to Some Traits and Harmful to Others
	Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
Back Cover