Polymetallic Coatings to Control Biofouling in Pipelines: Challenges and Potential

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
Authors
Introduction
1. Biofouling and Biocorrosion
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Microbial Growth and Biofouling
	1.3 Measurements of Microbial Growth
		1.3.1 Direct Methods of Measurements
		1.3.2 Indirect Methods of Measurements
	1.4 Biofouling
	1.5 Chemical Fouling
	1.6 Biological Fouling
		1.6.1 Biocorrosion and Biodeterioration
		1.6.2 Causes and Effects – Health and Environmental Perspectives
	1.7 Case Studies
	References
2. Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems, Membrane Biofouling: Assessment and Reduction Strategies
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Biofouling Mechanisms
	2.3 Biofouling Control and Prevention Strategies
	2.4 Pretreatment and Membrane-Based Systems
		2.4.1 Biofilters
	2.5 Biofouling Reduction Strategies
		2.5.1 Direct Methods
		2.5.2 Modification
		2.5.3 Cleaning
		2.5.4 Indirect Methods
		2.5.5 Pretreatment
			2.5.5.1 Deep Bed Biofilter (DBF)
			2.5.5.2 Membrane Filtration
		2.5.6 Biochemical Methods
		2.5.7 Water Disinfection Method
	2.6 Detection of Fouling
		2.6.1 Organic Matter (OM) in Seawater
		2.6.2 Parameters Characterizing Biomass
		2.6.3 Fouling Potential of Water
			2.6.3.1 Particulate Fouling Potential
			2.6.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances
			2.6.3.3 Biofouling Potential
			2.6.3.4 Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC)
			2.6.3.5 Biodegradable Organic Carbon (BDOC)
		References
3. Biofouling in Oil and Gas/Biofuel Pipelines
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Significance of Oil/Gas/Biofuel in the Energy Sector
	3.3 Transportation Mechanisms
		3.3.1 Oil Tankers
		3.3.2 LNG Tankers
		3.3.3 Pipelines
		3.3.4 Barges
		3.3.5 Railroad/Tank Trucks
		3.3.6 Tugboats
	3.4 Materials Used in Pipelines
	3.5 Biofouling Causes and Impacts on Oil/Gas/Biofuel Transporting Pipelines
	3.6 Biofouling in Pipelines: Treatment and Controlling Mechanisms
	3.7 Biofouling: Current Challenges and Impact on the Global Market
	References
4. Introduction to Surface Coatings
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Surface Chemistry
	4.3 Substrate Preparation Techniques
	4.4 Surface Activation
		4.4.1 Stainless Steel
		4.4.2 Titanium and its Alloy
	4.5 Alkaline Treatment
	4.6 Acidic Pretreatment
	4.7 Types of Surface Cleaning
		4.7.1 Immersion Cleaning
		4.7.2 Pickling Process
		4.7.3 Pickling: Benefits
		4.7.4 Electrocleaning
		4.7.5 Electropolishing
		4.7.6 Manual Polishing
		4.7.7 Barrel Cleaning
		4.7.8 Spray Cleaning
		4.7.9 Grit and Sand Blasting
		4.7.10 Wet Chemical Cleaning
	4.8 Types of Coating Techniques
		4.8.1 Electroless Plating
		4.8.2 Reducing Agents
		4.8.3 Complexing Bath
		4.8.4 Additives
		4.8.5 Levelers
		4.8.6 Wetting Agents
		4.8.7 pH of the Bath Solution
	4.9 Binary Electroless Plating Process
	4.10 Powder Spray Deposition
	4.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Technique
	4.12 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Technique
	4.13 Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Technique
	4.14 Thin-Film Growth Characteristics
	4.15 Importance and Applications of Coatings
	References
5. Characterization of Surface Coatings
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Surface Analytical Techniques
		5.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction
		5.2.2 Residual Stress Measurement
		5.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
		5.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		5.2.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		5.2.6 Optical Microscopy
		5.2.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
	5.3 Characterization of Coatings
	5.4 FTIR Spectroscopy
	5.5 Biofilm Analysis in Membrane Water Filters
	5.6 Identification of Chemical Composition in Biofilm Formation
	5.7 Impact of SRB on Pipelines
	5.8 Biofouling Treatment and Preventive Measures
	References
6. Metallic Coatings
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Techniques of Metallic Coatings and Significance
		6.2.1 Hot Dip Galvanizing
		6.2.2 Thermal Spray Coating
		6.2.3 Thermal Evaporation
		6.2.4 Sputtering
		6.2.5 Electroplating
		6.2.6 Electroless Plating
			6.2.6.1 Electroless Nickel Plating
			6.2.6.2 Electroless Ni-P Coatings.
			6.2.6.3 Electroless Ternary Composite Coating
	6.3 Corrosion and Leaching Problems
	6.4 Industrial Applications
	References
7. Ethical Issues and Environmental Safety
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Safety and Ethics of Metallic Coatings
	7.3 Controlled Release of Antifouling Coatings
	References
8. Future Prospects of the Coating Technology
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Prospects of the Coating Technology
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index