Polymers in Solar Energy Utilization

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Polymers in Solar Energy: Applications and Opportunities......Page 11
Applications......Page 12
Surface/Interface Properties of Polymers......Page 19
Photochemistry of Polymers......Page 21
Literature Cited......Page 24
Methods of Economic Analysis......Page 27
Consequences for Solar System Engineering......Page 31
Literature Cited......Page 32
3 Polymer Film and Laminate Technology for Low-Cost Solar Energy Collectors......Page 34
Printable Optical Selective Absorber Coating......Page 36
Insulation and Compression Substrate......Page 40
Application......Page 42
High Speed Mass Production......Page 43
Literature Cited......Page 45
4 Stability of Polymeric Materials in the Solar Collector Environment......Page 46
Thermal Aging in Air......Page 48
Experimental......Page 51
Materials Evaluated......Page 55
Hydrolytic Aging......Page 63
Class PS Elastomers......Page 70
Arrhenius Treatment of Data......Page 75
Caulking Compounds......Page 79
Thermal Aging Under Compression......Page 80
Conclusions......Page 85
Literature Cited......Page 86
Sources of Outgassing Products......Page 87
Experimental......Page 88
Results and Discussion......Page 90
Effects of Condensable Deposits on Relative Light Transmittance......Page 101
Conclusion......Page 103
Literature Cited......Page 104
6 Optical, Mechanical, and Environmental Testing of Solar Collector Plastic Films......Page 105
APPROACH......Page 109
PROGRAM RESULTS......Page 113
CONCLUSIONS......Page 119
7 Protective Coatings and Sealants for Solar Applications......Page 120
Experimental......Page 121
Back Surface Protection......Page 122
Edge Seal Protection......Page 123
Literature Cited......Page 127
Experimental Section......Page 129
Performance Ranking......Page 131
Chemical Failure: Polymer/Mirror Interface......Page 133
Chemical Failure: Mirror/Backing Interface......Page 140
Literature Cited......Page 145
9 Effect of Absorber Concentrations on IR Reflection-Absorbance of Polymer Films on Metallic Substrates......Page 146
Theoretical Basis for the IR-RA Experiment......Page 148
Determination of Optical Constants in the IR for Blsphenol-A Polycarbonate......Page 152
Experimental Apparatus and Procedures......Page 155
Results and Discussion......Page 157
Acknowledgment......Page 169
Literature Cited......Page 170
10 Adhesives Used in Reflector Modules of Troughs Effects of Environmental Stress......Page 171
Theory......Page 174
Experimental and Results......Page 175
Indirect Methods......Page 176
Ultrasonic Mapping......Page 178
Shear Strength......Page 180
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 186
Literature Cited......Page 187
APPENDIX I Information on Adhesives Used......Page 188
11 Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds and Their Liner Requirements......Page 189
Salt-gradient pond technology......Page 190
The pond liner and its installation......Page 192
Liner specifications......Page 193
Solar pond construction......Page 194
Conclusions......Page 195
Literature Cited......Page 196
12 Flexible Membrane Linings for Salt-Gradient Solar Ponds......Page 197
The Need for Pond Linings......Page 198
Candidate Materials for Impermeable Membranes......Page 200
Review of Installations Using Flexible Membrane Liners......Page 202
Test Data on Hypalon Performance in Salt Brines......Page 205
The Future for Flexible Membrane Liners in Salt Gradient Solar Ponds......Page 207
Literature Cited......Page 212
13 Plastic Pipe Requirements for Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps......Page 213
Fluid Compatibility......Page 214
Acknowledgments......Page 215
Literature Cited......Page 216
14 New Approach to the Prediction of Photooxidation of Plastics in Solar Applications......Page 217
Computer Model......Page 218
Mechanism of Photooxidation......Page 221
Preliminary Results......Page 223
Conclusions......Page 225
Literature Cited......Page 230
15 Effects of Photodegradation on the Sorption and Transport of Water in Polymers......Page 231
Moisture Sorption......Page 232
Moisture Diffusion and Permeation......Page 234
Effects of Temperature-Humidity Cycling......Page 238
Literature Cited......Page 242
16 UV Microscopy of Morphology and Oxidation in Polymers......Page 243
Additives in Crystalline Polymers......Page 245
Diffusion and Loss of Additives......Page 249
Localization of Thermal and Photo-oxidation......Page 252
Observations......Page 256
Methods......Page 259
Observations......Page 261
Literature Cited......Page 263
17 Novel Diagnostic Techniques for Early Detection of Photooxidation in Polymers......Page 264
4) Laser Photoacoustic Technique (LPAT)......Page 267
Results and Discussions......Page 268
Literature Cited......Page 272
18 Photodegradation of Poly(n-butyl acrylate)......Page 273
EXPERIMENTAL......Page 274
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 276
Literature Cited......Page 289
19 Photochemical Stability of UV-Screening Transparent Acrylic Copolymers of 2-(2-Hydroxy-5-vinylphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole......Page 291
Literature Cited......Page 303
20 Effects of Deformation on the Photodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene Films......Page 305
Results and Discussion......Page 306
Literature Cited......Page 325
The LSC Concept: Collection and Concentration of Solar Energy......Page 327
Light Pipe Trapping of Luminescence: Geometrical Effects......Page 329
The Spectroscopy of Dyes in LSC\'s......Page 330
The Photon Transport Problem and Self-Absorption: LSC Gain and Efficiency......Page 332
Measurements of Self-Absorption and Performance......Page 335
Problems and Future Objectives......Page 346
Literature Cited......Page 348
22 Polymeric Encapsulation Materials for Low-Cost, Terrestrial, Photovoltaic Modules......Page 349
Polymeric Encapsulation Materials......Page 350
Encapsulation Engineering......Page 359
Low-Soiling Surface Coatings......Page 360
Literature Cited......Page 362
23 Encapsulant Material Requirements for  Photovoltaic Modules......Page 363
Rigid Member......Page 365
Pottant......Page 367
Outer Cover/Insulator......Page 376
Adhesives, Primers, Surface Modifications......Page 378
Edge Sealants and Frames......Page 380
Literature Cited......Page 381
24 Encapsulant Degradation in Photovoltaic Modules......Page 382
Aging Tests and Results......Page 387
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 399
Literature Cited......Page 400
25 Vacuum Lamination of Photovoltaic Modules......Page 402
Equipment Development......Page 403
Materials Research......Page 406
Testing Methods......Page 411
Other Lamination-Related Efforts......Page 412
Acknowledgments......Page 413
Literature Cited......Page 414
26 Evaluation of Polyacrylonitrile as a Potential Organic Polymer Photovoltaic Material......Page 415
Feasibility of an Organic Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Device - Engineering Considerations......Page 416
Feasibility of an Organic Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Device - Photovoltaic Properties......Page 417
Properties of Pyrolyzed PAN......Page 418
Literature Cited......Page 428
27 Photovoltaic Properties of Organic Photoactive Particle Dispersions Polymeric Phthalocyanines......Page 430
EXPERIMENTAL......Page 431
MEASUREMENTS......Page 434
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 437
Literature Cited......Page 448
28 Photophysics of Films of Poly(2-vinylnaphthalene) Doped with Pyrene and 1,2,4,5-Tetracyanobenzene......Page 449
Experimental......Page 452
Results......Page 453
Summary and Discussion......Page 459
Literature Cited......Page 463
29 Photoelectrochemical Catalysis with Polymer Electrodes......Page 465
Operational Background......Page 467
Polymer Assisted Photoelectrochemistry......Page 474
Polymer Photoelectrochemistry......Page 482
Literature Cited......Page 483
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