Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Greening the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Chapter 1 Green Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Corrosion and Its Economic Significance
	1.3 Corrosion Inhibitors
		1.3.1 Green Corrosion Inhibitors
		1.3.2 Importance of Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.4 Polysaccharides as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.5 Proteins and Polyamino Acids as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.6 Chemically Modified Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.7 Biopolymer Nanoparticles as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.8 Biopolymer Composites as Corrosion Inhibitors
	1.9 Adsorption and Protection Mechanism of Biopolymers on the Metal Surface
	1.10 Conclusions and Prospects
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 2 Natural Polymers and Their Derivatives as Corrosion Inhibitors for the Oil and Gas Industry
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Reliable Methods for the Study of Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
		2.2.1 Gravimetric Method
		2.2.2 Electrochemical Methods
		2.2.3 Gasometric Method
		2.2.4 Surface Morphological Studies
	2.3 Natural Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
		2.3.1 Chitosan and its Derivatives
		2.3.2 Cellulose and its Derivatives
		2.3.3 Starch and Its Derivatives
		2.3.4 Pectin and Its Derivatives
		2.3.5 Dextrin and Its Derivatives
		2.3.6 Natural Gums and Their Derivatives
	2.4 Mechanism for Natural Polymeric Corrosion Inhibition
	2.5 Conclusion and Outtake for Future Work
	References
Chapter 3 Current Applications of Carbohydrates as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for the Oil and Gas Industry
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Corrosion: An Introduction and Associated Social and Economic Issues
		3.1.2 Strategies to Control Corrosion
	3.2 Carbohydrate Polymers: A Sustainable Alternatives
		3.2.1 Limitations of Using Carbohydrate Polymers as Anticorrosive Material
		3.2.2 Emerging Trends in Corrosion Protection Offered by Carbohydrates Polymer
			3.2.2.1 Carbohydrate Polymer Schiff Bases
			3.2.2.2 Heterocyclic Compound‐Modified Carbohydrate Polymers
			3.2.2.3 Grafted Polymer
			3.2.2.4 PEG Cross‐linked Polymer
			3.2.2.5 Polymer‐Based Surfactant
			3.2.2.6 Carbohydrate Polymer–Nanoparticle Composites
			3.2.2.7 Synergistic Effect of Salts/Surfactants with Carbohydrate Polymer
	3.3 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Poly(Amino Acid) Corrosion Inhibitors
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Poly(Amino Acid) Homopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors
	4.3 Modified Poly(Amino Acid) and Poly(Amino Acid) Copolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors
	4.4 Poly(Amino Acid) Composite Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Water‐Soluble Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Polymers as Water‐Soluble Corrosion Inhibitors
		5.2.1 Mild Steel
		5.2.2 Carbon Steel
		5.2.3 Iron
		5.2.4 Aluminum
		5.2.5 Copper
		5.2.6 Brass
	5.3 Industrial Applications of Water‐Soluble Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
	5.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6 High‐Temperature Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Polymer as Corrosion Inhibitor for High‐Temperature Oil‐Well Acidization
	6.3 Polymer as Corrosion Inhibitor for High‐Temperature Sour and Sweet Environment
	6.4 Polymer as Corrosion Inhibitor for High‐Temperature Naphthenic Acids Environment
	6.5 Computational Studies of Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
	6.6 Conclusions and Outlook
	Acknowledgements
	References
Chapter 7 Polyurethane Corrosion Inhibitor
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Polyurethane (PU)
		7.2.1 PU Synthesis
		7.2.2 Structure
	7.3 Polymer as an Inhibitor
	7.4 PU as Corrosion Inhibitor (PUCI)
		7.4.1 Plant‐Resourced PUCI
		7.4.2 Nanocomposite
		7.4.3 Triblock Copolymers
		7.4.4 Polyurea‐Based PUCI
		7.4.5 Sulfonated‐Based PUCI
		7.4.6 Waterborne PUCI
	7.5 Mechanism of PUCI Inhibition
	7.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8 Dual‐Purpose Kinetic Hydrate and Corrosion Inhibitors
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Corrosion Inhibitors (CIs)
	8.3 Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (KHIs)
	8.4 Dual‐Purpose Chemicals
	8.5 Dual‐Purpose Corrosion Inhibitor and KHIs (GHCIs)
		8.5.1 Mechanism of Action of GHCIs
		8.5.2 Performance Testing and Evaluation of GHCIs
		8.5.3 Factors Controlling the Performance of GHCIs
			8.5.3.1 Size/Molecular Weight of GHCIs
			8.5.3.2 Chain Length Specific to Corrosion Inhibitor
			8.5.3.3 Charge Distribution of Corrosion Inhibitors
			8.5.3.4 Operational Conditions
	8.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	List of abbreviation
	References
Chapter 9 Polymers as Corrosion Inhibitors for Sweet Environment
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 An Overview of Corrosion
		9.2.1 Corrosion and Its Economic Impact
		9.2.2 Corrosion Inhibitors
	9.3 Sweet Corrosion
		9.3.1 Mechanism Details of CO2 Corrosion
		9.3.2 Key Parameters Governing Sweet Corrosion
			9.3.2.1 Temperature
			9.3.2.2 CO2 Partial Pressure
			9.3.2.3 pH
		9.3.3 Survey of Literature on Sweet Corrosion Inhibitors
	9.4 Polymers as Sweet CI
		9.4.1 Significance of Polymers as Sweet CI
		9.4.2 Literature Survey of Polymers as Sweet CI
		9.4.3 Modified Polymers as Sweet CI
	9.5 Computational Modeling of Polymeric Inhibitors for Sweet Corrosion
	9.6 Mechanism of Adsorption and Inhibition
	9.7 Conclusions and Prospects
	References
Chapter 10 Green Polymeric Inhibitors for Corrosion of Metals in Alkaline Media
	10.1 Definitions of Corrosion
		10.1.1 Influence of Corrosion on the Economy Sector
	10.2 Main Reasons for Metals Corrosion
	10.3 Theories of Corrosion
		10.3.1 Electrochemical Theory
	10.4 General Types of Corrosions
		10.4.1 Galvanic Corrosion
		10.4.2 Uniform Corrosion
		10.4.3 Other Types of Corrosion
			10.4.3.1 General and Local Electrochemical Corrosion
			10.4.3.2 Crevice Corrosion
			10.4.3.3 Intergranular Corrosion
			10.4.3.4 Pitting Corrosion
			10.4.3.5 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
			10.4.3.6 Fretting Corrosion
			10.4.3.7 Erosion–Corrosion
			10.4.3.8 Stray Current Corrosion
			10.4.3.9 Cavitation Corrosion
	10.5 Corrosion Reactions of Al in Alkaline Media
	10.6 Techniques for Prevention and Protection of Metals from Corrosion
		10.6.1 Green Polymeric Inhibitors for Inhibition of Al Metal Dissolution in Alkaline Media
		10.6.2 Natural Polymers
			10.6.2.1 Polysaccharides
			10.6.2.2 Solubility of Polysaccharides
			10.6.2.3 Behavior of Water‐Soluble Polymeric Macromolecules in Alkaline Media
			10.6.2.4 Types of Polysaccharides
		10.6.3 Synthetic Polymers
			10.6.3.1 Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA)
	10.7 Applied Methodologies for Measurements of Corrosion Rates
		10.7.1 Methodology Techniques
			10.7.1.1 Hydrogen Gas Evolution (Gasometric Technique)
			10.7.1.2 Weight‐loss Method
	10.8 Factors Affecting the Corrosion Process
		10.8.1 Nature of the Metal
		10.8.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment
			10.8.2.1 Dependence of Corrosion Rates on Nature and Concentration of Corrosive Media
			10.8.2.2 Dependence of Corrosion Rates on Nature and Concentration of Inhibitors
			10.8.2.3 Dependence of Corrosion Rate on Temperature
		10.8.3 Corrosion Mechanisms
		10.8.4 Absorption Isotherm Models Identification
		10.8.5 Electrochemical Measurements
	10.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 11 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Acid Media
	11.1 Background
	11.2 Outward and Inward Acid Corrosion
	11.3 Organic and Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitor in Acid Media
		11.3.1 Challenges of the Organic and Inorganic Components in Corrosion Inhibitor
		11.3.2 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitor in Acidic Media
	11.4 Natural Polymeric Materials
	11.5 Essential Oils
		11.5.1 Terpenes and Isoprene
		11.5.2 Tannins and Flavonoids
	11.6 Carbohydrates (CHO)
		11.6.1 Starch
		11.6.2 Cellulose
		11.6.3 Pectin
		11.6.4 Exudates\' fluids
		11.6.5 Carrageenan
		11.6.6 Dextrin
		11.6.7 Alginates
		11.6.8 Chitosan
	11.7 Natural Proteins
		11.7.1 Soy Polymer
		11.7.2 Casein
		11.7.3 Zein
		11.7.4 Hydrolysate from Shrimp By‐products
	11.8 Synthetic Polymeric Materials
		11.8.1 Polyglycols
		11.8.2 Polyamines Derivatives
			11.8.2.1 Polyethyleneimine (PEI)
			11.8.2.2 Polyaniline (PANI) and Polydiamines (PDAs)
			11.8.2.3 Polydopamine (PDM)
		11.8.3 Polyamides Derivatives
		11.8.4 Polyvinyl Derivatives
		11.8.5 Polyzwitterion
	11.9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
	12.1 Introduction to Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC)
	12.2 Microbes in MIC
		12.2.1 Sulfur Reducing Bacteria
		12.2.2 Metal Oxidizing Bacteria (MOB)
		12.2.3 Acid Producing Bacteria (APB)
	12.3 Biofilms
		12.3.1 Biofilm Studies and Characterization
	12.4 MIC Issues in Industry: Oil and Gas
		12.4.1 Pipeline Internal Corrosion
		12.4.2 Water Network Systems
		12.4.3 Hydrocarbon Product Storage Tanks
	12.5 Corrosion Inhibitors for MIC
		12.5.1 Inorganic Corrosion Inhibitors
		12.5.2 Organic Corrosion Inhibitors
		12.5.3 Green Corrosion Inhibitors
	12.6 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors
		12.6.1 Polymeric Corrosion Inhibitors for Microbial Corrosion
			12.6.1.1 Corrosion Inhibition by Extracellular Polymeric Substances of Biofilms
	12.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Smart Polymers Coating for Upstream Oil and Gas Industry to Slow Down the Corrosion
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Corrosion in the Primary Manufacturing Processes
	13.2 Mechanism of Corrosion
		13.2.1 Electrochemical Nature of Corrosion
	13.3 Kinds of Corrosion in Industry
		13.3.1 Electrochemical Corrosion
			13.3.1.1 Corrosion due to Galvanic Reaction
			13.3.1.2 Pitting Corrosion
		13.3.2 Mechanical Corrosion
			13.3.2.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
		13.3.3 Chemical Corrosion
			13.3.3.1 H2S Corrosion
			13.3.3.2 CO2 Corrosion
			13.3.3.3 Oxygen Corrosion
	13.4 Conventional Corrosion Prevention Methods
		13.4.1 Tar Coatings
		13.4.2 Alloyed Steel (Stainless)
		13.4.3 Cathodic Protection
		13.4.4 Galvanic Coatings
		13.4.5 Polyolefin Coatings
		13.4.6 Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Coating
	13.5 Smart Coatings
		13.5.1 Polymer Composite Coating
		13.5.2 Conducting Polymer Coating
			13.5.2.1 Polyaniline
			13.5.2.2 Polypyrrole
			13.5.2.3 Polycarbazole and its Derivatives
		13.5.3 Self‐healing Polymers for Coatings
			13.5.3.1 Synthesis of Micro/Nano‐Capsule
			13.5.3.2 Mechanism of Self‐healing Polymers
	13.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 14 Surface Characterization Techniques in Corrosion Inhibition Research
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Method of Weight Loss
		14.2.1 Concentration of Inhibitor
		14.2.2 Temperature Effect and Parameters of Activation
	14.3 Parameters of Adsorption
		14.3.1 Isotherms
		14.3.2 Energy of Adsorption
	14.4 Electrochemical Techniques
		14.4.1 Open‐Circuit Potential Curves
		14.4.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		14.4.3 Potentiodynamic Polarization
			14.4.3.1 Kinetics of Corrosion
		14.4.4 Electrochemical Frequency Modulation Trend (EFMT)/Electrochemical Frequency Modulation Trend (EFM)
		14.4.5 Linear Polarization Resistance
	14.5 Surface Analytical Techniques
		14.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
		14.5.2 Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy
		14.5.3 Water Contact Angle
		14.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy
		14.5.5 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		14.5.6 X‐Ray Diffraction
		14.5.7 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
		14.5.8 Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) Method
		14.5.9 Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET)
		14.5.10 Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
		14.5.11 Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
	14.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Important Websites
	References
Chapter 15 Guidelines for Designing Corrosion Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Production
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Classification of Corrosion
		15.2.1 Crevice and Pitting Corrosions
		15.2.2 Stress‐Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
		15.2.3 Fretting and Erosion–Corrosion
		15.2.4 Uniform Corrosion
	15.3 Corrosion Inhibitors
		15.3.1 Sour Corrosion Inhibitor
			15.3.1.1 Amine‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.1.2 Imidazoline‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.1.3 Gemini Surfactants‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.1.4 Polymer‐Based Inhibitor
		15.3.2 Sweet Corrosion Inhibitor
			15.3.2.1 Imidazolines‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.2.2 Amines‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.2.3 Amides/Amido‐Based Inhibitor
			15.3.2.4 Aldehydes/Carboxylates‐Based Inhibitor
	15.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Management
		15.4.1 Identify Application Window
		15.4.2 Define Corrosion Inhibition Test/Validation Program
		15.4.3 Selection of Corrosion Inhibitor
		15.4.4 Assurance of Corrosion Inhibitor (Laboratory Testing/Field Trial)
		15.4.5 Implementation and Surveillance of Corrosion Inhibitor Application
	15.5 Safety on Designing Corrosion Inhibitor
	15.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	List of Abbreviations
	References
Index
EULA