Polymer waste management

Preface xi1 General Aspects 11.1 History of the Literature 21.2 Amount of Wastes 21.3 Metal Content in Wastes 41.3.1 Waste Poly(ethylene) and Pure High Density Poly(ethylene) 41.4 Analysis Procedures 41.4.1 Fluorescence Labeling 41.4.2 Time-Gated Fluorescence Spectroscopy 61.4.3 Content of Flame Retardants 61.4.4 Identification of Black Plastics 71.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy 91.4.6 Life Cycle Assessment 101.4.7 Analysis of Contaminated Mixed Waste Plastics 121.4.8 Construction and Household Plastic Waste 141.4.9 Models for Forecasting the Composition of Waste Materials 141.5 Standards 161.5.1 Circular Economy Package 161.5.2 SPI Codes 171.5.3 Test Samples for Biodegradation 191.5.4 Mixed Municipal Waste 211.5.5 Aerobic Composting 211.5.6 Contaminants in Recycled Plastics 221.6 Special Problems with Plastics 221.6.1 Stability of Plastics 221.6.2 Additives 231.6.3 Plastics in Food 241.6.4 Seawater 251.6.5 Landfill 371.6.6 Electronic Waste 38References 402 Environmental Aspects 512.1 Pollution of the Marine Environment 512.1.1 Pathways of Plastics into the Marine Environment 542.1.2 Deleterious Effects on the Marine Environment 552.1.3 Reports Concerning Special Locations 552.1.4 Analysis Methods 562.1.5 Plastic Preproduction Pellets 592.1.6 Leaching of Plastics 602.1.7 Micro-plastics 602.1.8 Marine Animals 652.2 Pollution of the Terrestrial Environment 712.2.1 Waste Generation 712.2.2 Disposal in Landfills 712.2.3 Plastic Materials for Packaging 72References 733 Recycling Methods 793.1 Alternative Plastic Materials 803.2 Mechanical Recycling 813.2.1 Poly(lactic acid) 813.2.2 Nanocellulose Coated Poly(ethylene) Films 843.2.3 Electric Uses 843.3 Primary Recycling 863.4 Renewable Polymer Synthesis 873.4.1 Natural Solvents for Expanded Poly(styrene) 943.4.2 Landfill Methane Recycling 973.4.3 Anaerobic Landfill 973.4.4 Simulated Semi-aerobic Landfill 993.5 Preparation and Regeneration of Catalysts 1003.5.1 Reuse of ZSM-5 Zeolite 1003.5.2 Modification of Zeolites 1003.6 Pyrolysis Methods 1013.6.1 Fluidized-Bed Reactor 1043.7 Metallized Plastics Waste 1053.7.1 Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis 1063.8 Mixed Plastics 1083.8.1 Grinding and Cleaning 1083.8.2 Reductant in Ironmaking 1093.9 Separation Processes 1113.9.1 Automated Sorting of Waste 1113.9.2 Sorting According to Density 1123.9.3 Hydrocyclonic Separation of Waste Plastics 114 3.9.4 Froth Flotation 1143.10 Triboelectrostatic Separation 1263.11 Wet Gravity Separation 1273.11.1 Selective Dissolution/Precipitation Technique  for Polymer Recycling 1283.12 Supercritical Water 1293.13 Solvent Treatment 132References 1364 Recovery of Monomers 1454.1 Process for Obtaining a Polymerizable Monomer 1454.2 Pyrolysis in Carrier Gas 1464.3 Fluidized Bed Method 1474.4 Recovery of Monomers from Waste Gas Streams 1474.5 Polyolefins 1484.6 Poly(styrene) 1494.6.1 Methods with Supercritical Materials 1494.6.2 Volcanic Tuff and Florisil Catalysts 1504.6.3 Base-Promoted Iron Catalysis 1514.6.4 Composite Catalysts 1514.6.5 Fluidized-Bed Reactor 1524.6.6 Catalytic Acid and Basic Active Centers 1534.7 Phenolic Resins 1544.8 Poly(carbonate) 1554.8.1 Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) 1564.9 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 1574.9.1 Acrylic Monomers 1574.9.2 Acrylic Aromatic Amide Oligomers 1594.9.3 Terephthalic Acid 1594.9.4 Terephthalic dihydrazide 1604.9.5 Aminolytic Depolymerization 1614.9.6 Hydrogenation Reaction 1634.10 Nylon 1634.10.1 Recovery of Caprolactam 1634.10.2 Hexamethylene diamine 1644.11 Poly(urethane) 1654.12 Sequential Processes for Mixed Plastics 1664.13 Waste Fiber Reinforced Plastics 1674.13.1 Supercritical Methyl Alcohol 1674.13.2 Ionic Liquid Treatment 1684.13.3 N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine for Depolymerization 1684.13.4 Subcritical Water 1694.13.5 Fiber-Matrix Separation for Carbon Fiber Recycling 170References 1705 Recovery into Fuels 1755.1 Poly(ethylene) 1755.1.1 Aromatic Fuel Oils from Poly(ethylene) 1755.2 Thermal and Catalytic Processes 1765.2.1 Optimization of Temperature and Catalyst 1775.3 Mixed Waste Plastics 1805.3.1 Fuel-like Feedstocks 1815.3.2 Production of Transportation Fuels5.3.3 Co-pyrolysis of Waste Vegetable Oil 183 and Waste Poly(ethylene) Plastics 1865.3.4 Refining Method for Recycling Waste Plastics 1865.4 Hydrocarbon Fuels 1895.4.1 Pyrolysis into Premium Oil Products 1895.4.2 Gasoline, Kerosene, and Diesel 1895.4.3 Two-Stage Pyrolysis Catalysis 1935.4.4 Continuous Preparation 1945.4.5 Continuous Cracking Technology 1955.5 High-Value Hydrocarbon Products 1965.6 Purified Crude Oil 1985.7 Lubricating Oil 2045.8 Waxes and Grease Base Stocks 2065.9 Co-pyrolysis of Landfill Recovered Plastic Wastes  and Used Lubrication Oils 2085.10 PVC Wastes 2095.11 Iron Oxide Catalyst 2105.12 Landfill 2105.12.1 Landfill Mining Project 2105.12.2 Slow Pyrolysis 2115.12.3 Pyrolysis Oils from Landfill Waste 212References 2146 Specific Materials 2196.1 Catalysts for Recycling 2196.2 Polyolefins 2196.2.1 Thermal and Catalytic Conversion 2206.2.2 Catalytic Cracking of Polyolefins 2206.2.3 Fast Pyroylysis of PolyolefinWastes 2256.2.4 Low Density Poly(ethylene) 2256.2.5 High Density Poly(ethylene) 2326.2.6 Poly(propylene) 2596.3 Poly(styrene) 2616.3.1 Influence of Temperature in Pyrolysis 2626.3.2 Degradation of Poly(styrene) in the Presence of Hydrogen 2626.3.3 Production of Enhanced Amounts of Aromatic Compounds 2646.3.4 Poly(styrene) with Flame Retardants 2676.4 Poly(carbonate) 2686.4.1 Effect of Metal Chlorides 2686.5 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 2716.5.1 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Flakes 2716.5.2 Chemical Recycling 2726.5.3 Flake and Pellet Process 2756.5.4 Bio-based Plastics 2756.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) 2766.6.1 Separation Techniques for PVC Waste Plastics 2766.6.2 Surface Treatment 2766.7 Pyrolysis of Mixed Plastics 2786.7.1 Pyrolysis of PE and PVC Mixtures 2796.7.2 Waste Catalyst for Hazardous Chlorine-Containing Plastic 2806.7.3 Catalytic Hydrocracking of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste 2806.7.4 Debromination of Pyrolysis Oil 2826.7.5 Commingled Post-Consumer Polymer 2836.7.6 Waste Packaging Separation 2856.7.7 Hospital Wastes 2866.7.8 Agricultural Plastic Film Wastes 2876.8 Technical Biopolymers 2886.8.1 Mechanical Recyclability 2886.8.2 Hydrolytic Degradation 2886.8.3 Measurement of Renewable Bio-source Content 2896.9 Co-processing of Waste Plastics and Petroleum Residue 2916.9.1 Co-processing with Light Arabian Crude Oil 2916.10 Automotive Waste Plastics 2926.10.1 Lightweight Aggregates 2946.10.2 Titanium Nitride Film on Steel Substrate 2976.11 Phthalates 2976.12 Enzymatic Degradation 2986.13 ElectronicWaste 2996.13.1 Main Plastics in Electronic Waste 3026.13.2 Recycling of Compact Discs 3026.13.3 Liquid Crystal Displays 3046.13.4 Pyrolysis of Printed Circuit Boards 3056.13.5 Metal Recovery 3056.13.6 Influence of Virgin Poly(carbonate) and Impact Modifier 3096.14 Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics 3096.15 Usage in Concrete 3146.15.1 Plastic Waste as Fuel in Cement Production 3146.15.2 Constructional Works 3156.15.3 Lightweight Concrete 3166.15.4 Bakelite Plastic Waste 3166.15.5 Plastics from Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment 3176.15.6 Plastic Aggregates 3186.15.7 Waste Plastics as Fiber 3186.15.8 Fiber Reinforced Plastic Waste Powder 3196.15.9 Domestic Waste Plastics 3206.15.10 Usage in Pavement 3216.15.11 Usage in Gypsum Blocks 3246.16 Recycling of Floor Coverings 324References 326Index 337Acronyms 337Chemicals 340General Index 345