Polymer Science and Nanotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications

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POLYMER
SCIENCE AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Fundamentals and Applications
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Part I: Polymer science
1 Brief overview of polymer science
2
Nature and molecular structure of polymers
	Natural vs synthetic polymers
	Structure of polymers
		Amorphous vs crystalline polymers
		Primary structure
			Monomer polarity
		Secondary structure
			Polymer chain configuration
		Tertiary structure
	Molecular weight
	References
3
Polymer synthesis
	Step-growth polymerization
		General characteristics
		Polymerization of tri- and higher-order functional monomers
		Polymer types and structure
	Chain-growth polymerization
		General characteristics
		Polymerizability (thermodynamics)
			Equilibrium
		Stereochemistry of chain-growth polymerization
		``Living´´ versus ``controlled´´ polymerization
		Free-radical polymerization
			Conventional free-radical polymerization
				Initiators
				Initiation
				Propagation
				Termination
				Inhibitors
				Chain transfer
				Chain transfer agents
		Kinetics of chain-growth polymerization
			Initiation
			Propagation
			Termination
			Chain transfer
			Rate of polymerization
			Trommsdorff-Norrish effect or auto-acceleration or gel effect
		Controlled/living radical polymerization
			Nitroxide-mediated polymerization
			Atom transfer radical polymerization
				Monomer
				Initiator
				Catalysts complex
				Solvent
				Temperature
			Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization
				RAFT procedure
				RAFT mechanism
		Ionic polymerization
			Anionic polymerization
				Overview
				Solvent
				Initiation
				Electron transfer
				Nucleophilic addition to the monomer double bond
				Propagation
				Termination
			Cationic polymerization
				Initiation
					Bronsted acid
					Lewis acid
				Propagation
				Termination
			Group transfer polymerization
			Ring-opening polymerization
				Thermodynamics
				Kinetics
			Coordination polymerization
				Ziegler-Natta catalysts
				Termination
				Metallocenes
			Ring-opening metathesis polymerization
				Catalysts
	Solution polymerization
	Suspension polymerization
		Process description
		Size control
		Quality and morphology
	Emulsion polymerization
		Conventional emulsion polymerization
			Miniemulsion
			Microemulsion
				Process description
				Size control
		Soapless emulsion polymerization
		Dispersion polymerization
	Further reading
4
Copolymerization
	Unspecified copolymers
	Statistical copolymers
	Random copolymers
	Alternating copolymers
	Periodic copolymers
	Block copolymers
	Graft copolymers
	Kinetics of copolymerization
	References
5
Modification of polymers
	Physical methods
		Self-assembled monolayers
		Radiation-induced surface modification
		UV-irradiation
			γ-Irradiation
			Laser-induced surface modifications
	Chemical modification of polymer
		Common chemical reactions
		PEGylation
		Conjugation
		Method to make various polymeric architecture via chemical modification
	References
	Further reading
6
Polymer characterization
	Measurements of molecular weight
		Gel-permeation chromatography
		Osmometry
		Viscosity
		Static light scattering
		Principle of nuclear magnetic resonance
		NMR equipment
		Proton (1H) NMR
		Carbon (13C) NMR
		Relaxation time
		Proton-proton correlation spectroscopy and total correlation spectroscopy
		Heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence spectroscopy and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy
		Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy
		Diffusion ordered spectroscopy
	References
7
Polymer degradation and stability
	Introduction
		Aging and degradation
		Influencing factors
			Inherent factors
			External factors
		Evaluation and characterization
			Evaluation
			Characterization
	Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation
		Thermal degradation
		Thermo-oxidative degradation
			Thermo-oxidation mechanism
			Factors influencing thermo-oxidative degradation
		Stabilization of thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation
			Radical scavenger
			Pro-antioxidant
	Photolysis and photo-oxidative degradation
		Photolysis
		Photo-oxidative degradation
		Stabilization of photolysis and photo-oxidative degradation
	Hydrolysis and biodegradation
		Hydrolysis
		Biodegradation
		Biodegradable polymers
	Degradation and stabilization of polymer nanocomposites
	References
8
Polymer processing and rheology
	Polymer processing
		Mixing
			Polymer additives
			Mixing mechanics
			Mixing devices
		Extrusion
			Extrusion process
			Single-screw extruder
			Twin-screw extruder
			Extrusion dies
		Molding
			Injection molding
			Compression molding
			Blow molding
			Rotational molding
		Calendering
			Process
			Arrangements of rolls
		Coating
			Fluid coating process
			Methods
	Polymer rheology
		Relationship between polymer rheology and polymer processing
		Non-Newtonian flow
		Viscosity of polymer melts and solutions
		Fitting functions for the flow and viscosity curves
			Model function for ideal viscous flow behavior
			Model function for shear-thinning and shear-thickening flow behavior
			Model function for flow curves with a yield point
	Rheometry
		Capillary rheometer
		Couette (concentric cylinder) rheometer
		Cone-and-plate rheometer
	References
9
Thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties
	Thermal analysis of polymers
		The melting temperature of polymers
		Glass transition temperature of polymers
		Thermal conductivity of polymers
		Thermal diffusivity
		Techniques
	Differential scanning calorimeter
		Differential thermal analysis
		Thermomechanical analysis
		Thermogravimetry
		Density measurements
	Mechanical properties of polymers
		Basic concepts of stress and strain
		Stress-strain curve
		Dynamic mechanical analysis
		Viscoelastic behavior of polymers
		Effects of structure and composition on mechanical properties
			Molecular weight
			Cross-linking
			Molecular configuration
			Composition
	Electrical properties of polymers
		Conductive polymers
	References
10
Hydrogels
	Introduction
	Synthesis of hydrogels
		Physically cross-linked hydrogels
			Hydrogen bonds
			Electrostatic interactions
			Hydrophobic interactions
			Crystallization
		Chemically cross-linked hydrogels
			Cross-linking by chemical reactions of complementary groups
			Cross-linking by free radical polymerization
	Characterization of hydrogels
		Physical properties
		Chemical properties
		Mechanical properties
		Rheological properties
		Biological properties
	Self-healing hydrogels
		Physically self-healing hydrogels
			Hydrogen bonds
			Hydrophobic interactions
			Metal-ligand coordination
			Host-guest interactions
			Combination of multiple intermolecular interactions
		Chemically self-healing hydrogels
			Phenylboronic ester complexation
			Schiff base
			Acylhydrazone bonds
			Disulfide bonds
			Other dynamic chemical bonds and reactions
	Tough hydrogels
		Homogeneous hydrogels
			Tetra-PEG hydrogels
			Slide-ring (SR) hydrogels
			Radiation cross-linked hydrogels
		Mechanical energy dissipating hydrogels
			Double network (DN) hydrogels
		Hydrogels based on a combination of both toughening mechanisms
			Nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels
			Macromolecular microspheres composite (MMC) hydrogels
	References
11
Biopolymers and natural polymers
	Introduction
	Production of biopolymers
		Polysaccharides
		Microbial biopolymers: A bioengineering approach
		Enzymatic reactor for the production of biopolymers
	Biopolymer applications
		Drug delivery
		Polynucleotides and protein-based therapy
		3D printing in tissue engineering applications
		Sustainable biopolymer for environmental remedy
	Current challenges faced by bio or natural polymers
	Conclusion
	References
12
Smart polymers
	Types of smart polymers
		Temperature responsive
		pH responsive
		Light responsive
		Magnetically responsive
		Enzyme responsive
		Other stimuli-responsive polymers
	Shape memory polymers
	References
13
Polymers in medicine
	Introduction
	Antimicrobial polymers
		Polymeric biocides
		Biocidal polymers
		Biocide-releasing polymers
	Polymers in gastroenterology
	Polymers in cardiology
	Polymers in hemodialysis
	Polymers in neurology
		Neural implants
		Neural drug delivery
	Polymers in ophthalmology
		Intraocular lenses (IOLs)
		Intraocular drug delivery
	Polymers in dermatology
		Skin grafts and skin substitutes
		Dermal and transdermal drug delivery
	Polymers in orthopedic surgery
	Polymers in dentistry
	Polymers in cancer therapy
		Chemotherapeutic drug delivery
		Biosensors for cancer detection
	Polymers in gene therapy
	Conclusions and future outlook
	References
14
Polymers for advanced applications
	Introduction
		Polymeric membranes for gas separation
		Applications of self-healing polymers
		Polymers for additive manufacturing
		Applications of polymers in electrical and electronics
		Supercapacitors
		Lithium-ion batteries
		Light-emitting and sensing devices
		Polymers for water purification
		Polymer applications in food packaging
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
Part II: Nanotechnology
15
Nanomaterials properties
	Introduction
	Physical properties
		Size and shape of nanomaterials
		Zero dimensional
		One dimensional
		Two dimensional
		Three dimensional
		Surface effects
		Quantum confinement effects
		Surface charge and stability
	Chemical properties
		Chemical structure and composition of nanomaterials
		Catalytic reactivity
		Optical properties
		Magnetic properties
		Electrical properties
	References
16
Nanomaterial synthesis
	Introduction
	Inorganic nanoparticles
		Solution-phase synthesis of nanoparticles
		Mechanism of nanoparticles synthesis
		Typical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles in solution phase
		Mechanism of size and shape control of metal nanoparticles in solution phase
		Affect of reaction parameters on nanoparticles growth
		Template-mediated synthesis of inorganic nanostructures
		Synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles by lithography
	Organic nanoparticles
		Bottom-up synthesis of organic nanoparticles
		Controlling the shape of soft materials
		Polymersomes
		Top-down approach for the synthesis of organic nanoparticles
	Conclusion and future outlook
	References
17
Nanomaterials characterization
	Introduction
	Size, shape, length, and internal structure characterization
		Dynamic light scattering
		Microscopy
			Scanning electron microscopy
			Transmission electron microscopy
			Atomic force microscopy
	Surface charge characterization of nanoparticles (zeta potential measurements)
	Optical properties
		Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy
		Fluorescence spectroscopy
	Magnetic properties
	Composition, chemical structure, and substructure
		Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
		X-ray diffraction
		X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
	Mechanical properties
	References
18
Nanomaterials applications
	Introduction
	Household
	Cosmetics
	Textiles
	Energy storage
	Sports
	Food and drinks
	Automotive industry
	Electronics
	Construction and engineering materials
	Medicine
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z
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