Polyester-Based Biocomposites

Cover
Half Title
Polyester-Based Biocomposites
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. Polyester Resins and their Use as Matrix Material in Polymer Composites: An Overview
	Contents
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Polymer Matrix Composites
	1.3 Polyester Matrix
		1.3.1 Classification of Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)
		1.3.2 Preparation of Unsaturated Polyester Resins
	1.4 Manufacturing of Polyester Composites
		1.4.1 Open Moulding
			1.4.1.1 Spray-Up Method
			1.4.1.2 Hand Lay-Up
		1.4.2 Closed Moulding
			1.4.2.1 Pultrusion
			1.4.2.2 Resin Transfer Moulding
			1.4.2.3 Compression Moulding
			1.4.2.4 Vacuum Bag Moulding
	1.5 Reinforcement Used in Unsaturated Polyester Resin
		1.5.1 Natural Fibre Reinforcement
		1.5.2 Banana Fibre
		1.5.3 Coir Fibre
		1.5.4 Jute Fibre
	1.6 Synthetic Fibre Reinforcement
		1.6.1 Glass Fibre
		1.6.2 Aramid Fibres
		1.6.3 Carbon Fibres
	1.7 Properties of Polyester Composites
		1.7.1 Thermal Properties of Polyester Composites
		1.7.2 Rheological Properties of Polyester Composites
		1.7.3 Mechanical Properties of Polyester Composites
		1.7.4 Curing Properties of Polyester Composites
	1.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
2. Pineapple Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	Contents
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Pineapple Species and Plant Morphology
	2.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of PALF
	2.4 Physical and Chemical Features of Pineapple Leaf Fibre
	2.5 Methods of Extraction of PALF
		2.5.1 Manual Extraction Methods
			2.5.1.1 Hand Stripping/Scraping
			2.5.1.2 Retting Process
		2.5.2 Mechanical Extraction
		2.5.3 Degumming of PALF
	2.6 Applications of PALF Fibres
		2.6.1 PALF-Reinforced PE Composites
	2.7 Conclusion
	Bibliography
3. Jute Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	Contents
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Influence of Diverse Layers on Physico-Mechanical Characteristics
		3.2.1 Fibre Handling and Processing
		3.2.2 Composite Fabrication
	3.3 Properties
		3.3.1 Mechanical Properties
		3.3.2 Water Absorption Test
		3.3.3 Rule of Mixture (ROM) Along with Inverse ROM
		3.3.4 Micromechanical Model for Unit Fibre-Based Composite Material
		3.3.5 Influence of Alkali Treatment as well as Poly (Lactic Acid) Coating
		3.3.6 Covering of PLA-Based Fibres
		3.3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
		3.3.8 Flexural Characteristics
		3.3.9 Impact Characteristics
		3.3.10 Dynamic Mechanical Characteristics
			3.3.10.1 Storage Modulus
			3.3.10.2 Damping
			3.3.10.3 Loss Modulus
		3.3.11 Chemical Resistance
		3.3.12 Flame Retardancy
	3.4 Conclusion
	References
4. Bamboo Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	Contents
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Interpretations of the Social and Economic Environment Relating to Bamboo and Composite Materials Containing Bamboo Fiber
	4.3 Bamboo Fibers
		4.3.1 The Availability of Bamboo Around the World
		4.3.2 The Process of Extracting Bamboo Fibers
		4.3.3 The Structure and Function of Bamboo
		4.3.4 Rhizome
		4.3.5 Culm
		4.3.6 Root
		4.3.7 Branches
		4.3.8 Leaves
	4.4 The Constituent Substances That Incorporate Bamboo Fiber
		4.4.1 Cellulose
		4.4.2 Hemicellulose
		4.4.3 Lignin
	4.5 Bamboo Treatments
		4.5.1 Alkaline Therapy
		4.5.2 The Treatment with Silane
		4.5.3 Acrylation of Naturally Occurring Fibers
		4.5.4 Treatment Through Benzoylation
	4.6 Permanganate Diagnosis
		4.6.1 The Process of Isocyanate and Peroxide Treatments
	4.7 Application
		4.7.1 Capabilities for Construction Work
		4.7.2 Applications Related to Interior Design
		4.7.3 Applications Related to Furniture
		4.7.4 Applications in the Automotive Industry
		4.7.5 Bamboo Fiber Composites: Potential Benefits and Potential Pitfalls
	4.8 Future Innovations in Bamboo-Reinforced Composites
	4.9 Conclusion
	References
5. Banana Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	Contents
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Properties of Banana Fibre
	5.2 Research on Banana Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	5.3 Conclusion
	References
6. A Review on Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	Contents
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Palm Fibre
	6.3 Pretreatment of Palm Fibre
		6.3.1 The Important of Pretreatment of Fibre for Composites Production
		6.3.2 Several Types of Pretreatment that Have Been Applied to the Palm Fibre
			6.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment
			6.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment
			6.3.1.3 Biological Pretreatment
	6.4 Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composite Properties
		6.4.1 Mechanical Properties
		6.4.2 Thermal Properties
		6.4.3 Wettability Properties
	6.5 Factors Affecting the Properties of Palm Fibre-Reinforced Polyester
	6.6 Challenges and Future Recommendation
	Acknowledgement
	Conflict of Interest
	References
7. Coir Fiber–Polyester Composites
	Contents
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Characteristics of Coir Fibers
	7.3 Coir Fiber–Polyester Composites
		7.3.1 General Considerations
		7.3.2 Effect of Fiber Treatments
		7.3.3 Production of Hybrid Composites
		7.3.4 Mechanical Characterization
		7.3.5 Thermal Characterization
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
8. Wood Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composite
	Contents
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Wood Fiber
	8.3 Chemical Treatment of Wood Fibers
		8.3.1 Polyester
			8.3.1.1 Unsaturated Polyester Resin
			8.3.1.2 Saturated Polyester
	8.4 Method of Preparation of Wood Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	8.5 Properties of Wood–Polyester Composites
		8.5.1 Mechanical Properties
		8.5.2 Water Properties
		8.5.3 Thermal Properties
		8.5.4 Physico-Chemical Properties
		8.5.5 Morphological Properties
	8.6 Applications of Wood–Polyester Composites
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9. Polyester-Based Composites Reinforced with Rice Husk Fillers
	Contents
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Natural Filler as Polyester Composites
	9.3 Pre-treatment of Rice Husk
		9.3.1 Physical Pre-Treatment
		9.3.2 Chemical Treatment
	9.4 RH-Reinforced Polymer Composites
	9.5 RH-Reinforced Polyester Matrices
		9.5.1 Polyester
		9.5.2 Unsaturated Polyesters Resins
		9.5.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate
		9.5.4 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
		9.5.5 Polylactic Acid
		9.5.6 Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) and Polybutylene Succinate
		9.5.7 Polycaprolactone
	9.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
10. Polyester-Based Bio-Nanocomposites
	Contents
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Overview of Biodegradable Polyesters
		10.2.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
		10.2.2 Polylactide (PLA)
		10.2.3 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
		10.2.4 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
	10.3 Polyester-Based Hybrid Biocomposites
		10.3.1 Polyester and Nanocellulose-Based Hybrids
		10.3.2 Carbon-Based Polyester Bio-Nanocomposites
			10.3.2.1 Graphene
			10.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
		10.3.3 Polyester-Based Active Biocomposite Films
	10.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
11. Hybrid Polyester and Bio-Polyester Composites
	Contents
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Concept of Hybrid Polymer Composites
	11.3 Hybrid Natural Fibers-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	11.4 Hybrid Natural-Synthetic Fibers-Reinforced Polyester Composites
	11.5 Bio-Based Polyester Resin
	11.6 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyester/Vegetable Oil Hybrid Composite
	11.7 Hybrid Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyester/Vegetable Oil Composite
	11.8 Nanofiller-Filled Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Hybrid Composite
	11.9 Future Outlook
	11.10 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
12. Natural Fiber/Polyester-Based Hybrid Composites
	Contents
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Physical Properties of Natural Fiber/Polyester Hybrid Composites
	12.3 Factors Influencing the Mechanical Features of Composites
		12.3.1 Effect of Environmental Conditions
		12.3.2 Fiber Layers Stacking Sequence
		12.3.3 Fiber Treatment
		12.3.4 Fiber Volume
	12.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
13. Polyester-Based Bio-Composites for Marine Applications
	Contents
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Degradation and Marine Fouling
	13.3 Rusting and Cavitation
	13.4 Synthetic Composites
		13.4.1 Plasticizing Effect
		13.4.2 Swelling
		13.4.3 Hydrolysis
	13.5 Bio-Composites
	13.6 The Diffusion Properties of Natural Fibers
		13.6.1 Thermal Degradation
		13.6.2 Mechanical Behavior
		13.6.3 Coupling Effect
		13.6.4 Marine Usage
		13.6.5 Ferro-Cement
	13.7 Glass-Reinforced Plastic (Fiber Glass)
	13.8 Adhesive Composites
	13.9 Aramid Fiber Composites
	13.10 Carbon Fibers
	13.11 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
	13.12 Glass-Reinforced Polymer-Based Composites (GRP)
	13.13 Conclusion
	References
	Notes
14. Polyester-Based Biocomposites for Building and Construction Applications
	Contents
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Polyester-Based Biocomposites as a Construction Material
	14.3 Blends of Polyester Resin
	14.4 UPR-Epoxy Blend
	14.5 UPR-Phenolic Resin Blend
	14.6 UPR-Natural Rubber Blend
	14.7 UPR-Vinyl Ester (VE) Blend
	14.8 Fibres Used in Construction and Building Composites
	14.9 Coir Fibre
	14.10 Hemp Fibre
	14.11 Jute Fibre
	14.12 Natural Fibre Characteristics
	14.13 Conclusions and Future Trends
	References
15. Polyester-Based Biocomposites for Food Packaging Applications
	Contents
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Main Polyesters Applied in Food Packaging
	15.3 Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites
	15.4 Polyester-Based Biocomposites in Active Food Packaging
	15.5 Polyester-Based Biocomposites for Monitoring Food Quality
	15.6 Biosafety of Bionanocomposites in Foods
	15.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	Acknowledgments
	References
16. An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Bio-Based Polyurethane Foam for Acoustical Applications
	Contents
	List of Symbols and Abbreviations
	16.1 Background and Motivation
	16.2 State of the Art in Acoustics Absorption
		16.2.1 Development of Acoustic Absorbing Material
		16.2.2 Finite Element-Based Numerical Model
	16.3 Problem Definition
	16.4 Objectives
	16.5 Methodology
	16.6 Literature Survey
	16.7 Fabrication of Hybrid Polyurethane Foams
		16.7.1 Materials and Methodology
		16.7.2 Sample Preparation
	16.8 Experimental Investigation
		16.8.1 Impedance Tube Theory
		16.8.2 Impedance Experimental Procedure
		16.8.3 Experimental Procedure
		16.8.4 Working Frequency Range
			16.8.4.1 High-Frequency Limit [F[sub(u)]]
			16.8.4.2 Low-Frequency Limit [F[sub(1)]]
	16.9 Dynamic Signal Analysis
	16.10 MATLAB
		16.10.1 Experimental Results
		16.10.2 Open-Cell Polyurethane Foam
		16.10.3 Closed-Cell Polyurethane Foam
	16.11 Summary
		16.11.1 Experimental Observations
	16.12 Conclusion
	References
Index