Pollution in China

POLLUTION IN CHINA......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......Page 12
1. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY: HISTORICAL TRENDS  AND CURRENT CHALLENGES......Page 14
Surface Water Quality......Page 15
Lake (Reservoir) Water Quality......Page 17
Discharge of Wastewater and Major Pollutants......Page 18
Wastewater Discharge and COD Discharge from Major Industries......Page 21
1.1.3 Urban Air Quality......Page 22
1.1.4 Acid Rain......Page 23
Emission of Major Atmospheric Pollutants......Page 24
Emission of Industrial Air Pollutants......Page 26
Atmospheric Pollution from Traffic......Page 27
Discharge of Industrial Solid Waste......Page 28
Discharge of Municipal Domestic Wastes......Page 29
Pollution Migration......Page 30
Water and Air Pollution......Page 31
Ecological Deterioration......Page 32
A Big Gap from the World Class......Page 33
Stage 1: Beginning Stage (1972-1978)......Page 34
Stage 2: Comprehensive Development of the Environmental Management System (1978~1992)......Page 35
Stage 3: Enhancement of Environmental Protection (1992 -2008)......Page 36
Stage 4: New Era (2008 -present)......Page 37
Governmental Organizations for Environmental Protection Have Been Fully Established.......Page 38
Investment in Environmental Protection Keeps Increasing.......Page 39
3.1 Overall Evaluation......Page 40
Emphases on government actions.......Page 41
3.2.1 Strategies and Principles......Page 42
(1) Environmental Planning......Page 43
2) Environmental Impact Assessment and “Three Simultaneities”......Page 44
(3) Total Pollution Load Control......Page 45
(1) Pollution Levy......Page 46
(3) Pollution Permit Trading......Page 47
(5) Ecological Compensation, Green Credit and Green Security......Page 48
(3) Cleaner Production Audit......Page 49
4. LESSONS LEARNED......Page 51
REFERENCES......Page 53
ABSTRACT......Page 56
BACKGROUND......Page 57
RESEARCH METHOD......Page 59
POLICY BACKGROUND......Page 61
National Energy Intensity Reduction Policy in China......Page 62
Zhuji, Zhejiang province profile......Page 64
Case 3......Page 65
Case 5......Page 66
Initial Knowledge of Policy......Page 67
Awareness of Benefits and Penalties......Page 69
Business Network and Information Sharing......Page 70
Impressions of Sustainability......Page 71
Observed actions to reduce energy intensity......Page 72
Policy related......Page 73
Non-policy related......Page 75
CONCLUSION......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 78
ABSTRACT......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 83
2. MONITORING CAPACITY BUILDING......Page 84
3.1 Sediment......Page 86
3.2 Soil......Page 94
3.3 Ambient Air......Page 95
4.1 Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenate Products......Page 96
4.2 Waste Incineration......Page 97
4.3 Metallurgy......Page 98
4.4 E-waste......Page 99
CONCLUSIONS......Page 100
REFERENCES......Page 101
ABSTRACT......Page 106
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 107
1.1. Interactions of Urbanization, Motorization and Air Pollution......Page 108
1.2. Contribution of Transport to Energy Consumption......Page 111
2.1.1 Turnover volume and modal split of passenger and freight transport......Page 113
2.1.2 Factors influencing modal share......Page 114
2.2.1 Private car stock and public transport......Page 117
2.2.2 Energy consumption and emission factor of urban transport......Page 120
3. STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION  AND EMISSION CONTROL......Page 122
4.1 A System Dynamics Model of Air Pollutant Emissions from Inter-city Transport......Page 124
4.2 Model of urban transport development and emissions......Page 126
4.3 Model Results......Page 128
REFERENCES......Page 132
ABSTRACT......Page 136
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 137
2.1. Sampling Sites......Page 138
VOCs......Page 139
3.1. VOC Concentrations......Page 140
3.2. PAH Concentrations......Page 142
3.3. Profiles......Page 143
4. Exposure Risks......Page 144
CONCLUSIONS......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
ABSTRACT......Page 150
2. STUDY SITE AND TECHNIQUES......Page 151
3.1.1. Time Series of Ozone Concentrations......Page 152
3.1.3. Air masses classification and cluster analysis......Page 153
3.2.1. Overall Characteristics......Page 156
3.2.3. Diurnal Variations......Page 157
3.3.2. Day-to-day Variations......Page 159
CONCLUSION......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 162
7. NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN CHINA......Page 164
1.1. Non-Point Pollution from Synthetic Fertilizers......Page 165
1.2. Status of Eutrophication of Chinese Lakes......Page 168
2.1. The Pressure for High Levels of Food Self-Sufficiency in China......Page 169
2.2. The Fast Development of Vegetable Production......Page 170
2.3. Unbalanced Nutrient Inputs to China’s Agrosystems......Page 172
2.4. Rapid Development of Intensive Livestock Production with Limited Treatment of Organic Wastes......Page 173
2.5.5. Large Amounts of Time that Have to be Spent on Duties Not Related to Extension......Page 176
2.7. Over-Fertilization Behaviour of Farmer under Open Market Conditions......Page 177
3.1.2. Change the Regional Structure of Grain Production......Page 181
3.1.4. Raise Environmental Awareness throughout China......Page 182
3.2.3. Prevention of Pesticides Pollution......Page 183
3.3.1. Monitoring the Farmland Quality and Environmental Capacity......Page 184
3.3.4. Implementation of Comprehensive River Basin Planning and Management......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 186
ABSTRACT......Page 190
INTRODUCTION......Page 191
The Study Site......Page 192
Sample Collection and Analysis......Page 193
Assessment Criteria and Pollution Grading......Page 194
Heavy Metals in Agronomic Crops......Page 195
Pollution Assessment of Agronomic Crops......Page 198
Heavy Metals in Soils and Crop Accumulation......Page 200
Safety of Agronomic Crops Grown on the Reclaimed Mine Wastelands......Page 201
Implications for Restoration of Mine Wastelands......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
Reviewed by Prof. Dr. Yinian Zhu......Page 206
INDEX......Page 208