Politics, Feminism and the Reformation of Gender

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
FIGURES AND TABLES......Page 7
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
THE GENDER PATTERN IN ELITE RECRUITMENT......Page 22
THE LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING EXPLANATIONS......Page 25
TOWARDS AN EXPLANATION OF THE GENDER PATTERN......Page 27
THE NATURE OF MALE-DOMINATED POLITICAL SYSTEMS......Page 30
The theoretical approach......Page 37
Men, women and the standard model......Page 39
Men, women and the modifying model......Page 42
PATTERNS OF SUCCESS AMONG WOMEN: HYPOTHESES 3 AND 4......Page 44
DEFINING A RECRUITMENT STUDY......Page 47
POLITICAL PARTIES AND THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS......Page 48
THE DATA......Page 51
METHODOLOGY......Page 53
THE USA......Page 55
SCOTLAND......Page 60
The data......Page 62
Candidacy......Page 63
Winners and Losers among men......Page 66
Women different, but not equal: the ‘scissors’ hypotheses......Page 71
Hypothesis 1: women candidates compared with men......Page 72
Hypothesis 2: women resemble losing men......Page 75
Hypotheses 3 and 4: patterns of success among women......Page 77
THE USSR......Page 80
Women: losers again......Page 84
CONCLUSION......Page 88
3 CHANGING THE SELECTORS NON-PARTISAN RECRUITMENT......Page 90
NON-PARTISAN ELECTIONS......Page 91
NON-PARTISAN RECRUITMENT IN THE USA......Page 95
SCOTLAND......Page 99
Male Independents......Page 104
Political parties and non-partisan politics......Page 111
Routes to recruitment......Page 115
The changing world of the independent......Page 120
The implications for women......Page 122
MINOR PARTIES AND THE GENDER PATTERN OF RECRUITMENT......Page 126
SCOTLAND’S MINOR PARTIES: THE SNP AND THE ALLIANCE......Page 131
THE GENDER PATTERN IN STRATHCLYDE......Page 134
The Socio-economic basis of recruitment: SNP and Alliance men......Page 135
WOMEN IN THE SNP AND THE ALLIANCE......Page 138
CONCLUSION......Page 142
5 THE RISE OF FEMINISM AND THE PARAMETERS OF CHANGE......Page 146
EDUCATION AND THE ORIGINS OF FEMINISM......Page 153
FEMINISM AND FEMALE GENDER......Page 155
‘EQUAL RIGHTS’ AND ‘SOCIALIST’ FEMINISM......Page 158
FEMINIST STRATEGY AND THE PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION......Page 171
FINLAND......Page 176
RUSSIA......Page 184
8 GENDER THEORY AND FEMINIST STRATEGY......Page 208
The problem of biology......Page 210
Biology, destiny and emancipation: de Beauvoir, Wollstonecraft and Firestone......Page 214
Culture, sex-roles and psychology: the crucial contribution of Margaret Mead......Page 222
Motherhood vs Parenthood: Nancy Chodorow, Adrienne Rich and Betty Friedan......Page 231
Feminism at the crossroads......Page 239
9 WEST GERMAN GREENS, NORWEGIAN FEMINISTS AND THE ICELANDIC KWENNALISTINN......Page 244
WOMEN AND FEMINISM IN THE WEST GERMAN GREENS......Page 246
THE ‘NORWEGIAN EXPERIMENT’......Page 255
1986–9: the feminist ‘political experiment’......Page 260
ICELAND: THE REFORMATION OF POLITICS......Page 270
10 CONCLUSION......Page 280
NOTES......Page 283
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 317
INDEX......Page 326