Politics and Technology in the Post-Truth Era

Politics and Technology 
in the Post-Truth Era
Politics and Technology in the Post-Truth Era
Emerald Studies in Politics and Technology
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Politics and ICT: Issues, Challenges, Developments
	References
Chapter 2: From the Freedom of the Press to the Freedom of the Internet: A New Public Sphere in the Making?
	Introduction
	ICT and Democratization
	The Internet and Democratization in Africa: Case Studies
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Diffusion Patterns of Political Content Over Social Networks
	1. Introduction
	2. Background
		2.1. Information Diffusion in Social Networks
		2.2. Models
			2.2.1. Epidemic Models
			2.2.2. Topological Models
			2.2.3. Temporal Models
			2.2.4. Virality
		2.3. Event Studies
	3. Methodology
		3.1. Event Studies Adapted to Social Network Analysis
		3.2. Context
		3.3. Event Characterization
		3.4. Identification of Relevant Events
		3.5. Network Construction
			3.5.1. USA–China
			3.5.2. Brexit Twitter Network
		3.6. Metrics
	4. Results
		4.1. The Chinese Retaliation to the Increase of Tariffs by the United States
			4.1.1. Identification of Communities and Influencers
			4.1.2. Event Analysis
		4.2. Jo Cox’s Murder
			4.2.1. Identification of Communities and Influencers
			4.2.2. Interactions with Top Influencers
			4.2.3. Social Network Sentiment
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Contemporary Politics and Society: Social Media and Public Engagement in Belarus
	Introduction
	Peculiarities of Belarusian Social and Political Model
		First: The Sphere of State Interests Is All-embracing
		Second: The System of Political Parties and NGOs is Underdeveloped in Belarus
		Third: Belarusians’ Unity and Homogeneous Society Are an Ideological Myth Rather Than Social Reality
		Fourth: Political Activity and Forms of Public Engagement Are Poorly Regulated
		Fifth: The Belarusian Information Space Is Characterized by Strong Peculiarities
	New Information and Communication Challenges
		Internet and New Media Actors in Belarus
		New Social Platforms and Civil Initiatives in Belarus in 2017
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Modeling Public Mood and Emotion: Blog and News Sentiment and Politico-economic Phenomena
	Introduction
	The Impact of ICT and Its Development on Social Media
	The Impact of ICT and Its Development on Financial Markets
	The Impact of ICT and Its Development on Politics
	Sentiment Classification and Analysis
	Research Methodology
	Experimental Design and Results
		Financial News of Single Company and TAIEX Prediction
		Taiwan 50 Financial News and TAIEX Price Prediction
		Political News and Taiex Price Prediction
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Political Campaigns, Social Media, and Analytics: The Case of the GDPR
	1. Introduction
	2. Social Media and Political Campaigns
		2.1. Micro-targeting
		2.2. Voter Engagement
		2.3. Social Media as a Personal Relations Tool
	3. Technological Aspects of Social Media Analytics
		3.1. Big Data, Data Mining, and Analytics
			3.1.1. Big Data
			3.1.2. Data Mining
			3.1.3. Social Media Analytics
				3.1.3.1. Community Detection
				3.1.3.2. Social Influence Analysis
		3.2. NLP, Text Analytics, and Machine Learning
			3.2.1. Natural Language Processing
				3.2.1.1. Morphological and Lexical Analysis
				3.2.1.2. Syntactic Analysis – Parsing
			3.2.2. Text Analytics
				3.2.2.1. Information Extraction
				3.2.2.2. Summarization
				3.2.2.3. Sentiment Analysis
			3.2.3. Machine Learning
				3.2.3.1. Supervised Learning
				3.2.3.2. Unsupervised Learning
		3.3. Predictive Analytics
	4. Political Parties, Data Protection Legislative Frameworks, and Human Rights
		4.1. GDPR Framework
		4.2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
	5. Conclusion and Future Research
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 7: Assessing Compliance of Open Data in Politics with European Data Protection Regulation
	1. Introduction
		1.1. The Different Types of Personal Data
	2. The Status of Data Controller
	3. The Profiling and the Automated Individual Decision Making
	4. The Legitimate Interests Pursued by the Controller
	5. Anonymization and Pseudonymization
	6. Data Protection Techniques as a Means to Mitigate Risks
	7. Data Protection Techniques as a Means to Compliance with the GDPR
	8. Openness and Open Data
		8.1. The Concept of Data
		8.2. The Concept of Open Data
		8.3. The Openness
	9. Privacy and Open Data
	10. Data Protection and Open Data
	11. Considerations About the Open Data Publishing
		11.1. The Technical Issue of Data Disclosure
		11.2. The Legal Issue of Data Disclosure
	12. The Open Data Lifecycle
	13. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: ICT, Politics, and Cyber Intelligence: Revisiting the Case of Snowden
	Introduction
	Literature Review
	Cyber-Surveillance Legislation
	Narrative and Silence: The Debate Over the Public’s Interest
	Snowden and the Debate Over US Cyber Intelligence
	Snowden and the Debate Over US Cyber Intelligence
	Accountability and Reforms
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Government Surveillance, National Security, and the American Rights: Using Sentiment Analysis to Extract Citizen Opinions
	Introduction
	Literature Review
		What is Privacy?
		Risks Associated with Private Data
		Encrypting Mobile Devices
		Data Transit
		Remote Data At-Rest
	Research Study
	Research Methodology
		Sentiment Analysis
		Constructing Corpuses
		Modeling and Research Findings
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Information Security Risks in the Context of Russian Propaganda in the CEE
	Evolution of the Information War Concept and Propaganda in Russia
	Specifics of Russian Information War and Propaganda in the CEE
	Risks to CEE State Security
	Conclusions and Recommendations for CEE States
	References
Chapter 11: The ICT and Its Uses: Fighting Corruption and Promoting Participatory Democracy – The Case of Romania
	The Spread of Digitization Across the European Union
	ICT as Anticorruption Tools
	Several Best Practices in Using ICT as Participatory Tools in Romania
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Virtual Currencies in Modern Societies: Challenges and Opportunities
	1. Introduction
	2. How Virtual Currency Works
	3. Potential Applications
	4. Risks and Threats of Virtual Currencies
	5. Impact of Virtual Currencies on Policy and Decision-Making
		5.1. Economic Policy
		5.2. Voting Systems and Electoral Processes
		5.3. Civil Society Management
		5.4. Sustainable Administration
	6. Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13: Digital Diplomacy in Practice: A Case Study of the Western Balkan Countries
	1. Introduction
	2. Digital Diplomacy
	3. Digital Diplomacy in the Context of Ministries of Foreign Affairs
	4. Digital Diplomacy in Practice: A Case Study of the Western Balkan Countries
	5. Country Profiles
		Albania
		Bosnia and Herzegovina
		Kosovo
		Macedonia
		Montenegro
		Serbia
	6. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Social Media and the Brazilian Politics: A Close Look at the Different Perspectives and “The Brazil I Want” Initiative
	Introduction
	Perspectives of Social Media Impact on Politics
		Attitude’s Perspective
			Optimistic Approach
			Pessimistic Approach
		Stakeholder’s Perspective
			Policymakers
			Researchers and Scholars
			Citizens
			Politicians and Political Parties
			Governmental Institutions
			Organizations
		ICT’s Perspective
			Real-world Modeled into Data
			From Data to Insight
	“TBIW”: A Close Look into Brazilian Issues
		Case Scenario
		Discussions
			Education
			Health
			Corruption
			Public Security
			Unemployment
	Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 15
: Evaluation of the National Open Government Data (OGD) Portal of Saudi Arabia
	Introduction
	Related Research
	Evaluation of the National OGD Portal: A Case Study of the Saudi Arabian OGD Initiative
	Conclusion
	Social and Practical Implications
	Further Research Directions
	References
Chapter 16
: E-Government Strategy and Its Impact  on Economic and Social Development  in Saudi Arabia
	Introduction
	Economic Impacts of the Project
		Reduction in Cost of the Services Provided and Saving on the Budget
		Tax Revenues
		Improved Administrative Processes
	Specific Impacts of the E-Government in Saudi Arabia
		Tadawul
		Yesser
			National Contact Center
		Absher
	Social Impacts of E-Government on Saudi Arabia
		Transparency and Reduction of Corruption
		Improved Service Delivery
		Development of Government Sectors
		More Interactions
		Enhanced Learning
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17: Romancing Top Management: The Politics of Top Management Support in Large Information System Projects
	Introduction
	Top Management Support
	Politics and Political Influence in Large is Projects
		The Social Capital Strategy
		The Social Engagement Strategy
		The Rational Persuasion Strategy
		The Exchange Strategy
	A Two-Stage Process: Choice of Political Influence Strategies
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Trade in ICT, International Economy, and Politics
	1. Introduction
	2. ICT Definition, Role, and Size of Market
	3. Barriers to Trade
	4. ICT and GVCs
	5. ICT and Development
	6. Conclusions
	References
		Websites
Chapter 19: Conclusion: Politics and ICT – Taking Stocks of the Debate
	References
Index