Political ideologies: an introduction

What is ideology?
	Concepts of ideology
	Ideology, truth and power
Left, right and centre
	The changing world order
	Postmodernity
	Globalization
Further reading
Chapter 2       Liberalism
	Origins and development
	The primacy of the individual – central themes
		The individual
		Freedom
		Reason
		Justice
		Toleration and diversity
	Liberalism, government and democracy
		The liberal state
		Constitutional government
		Democracy
	Classical liberalism
		Natural rights theory
		Utilitarianism
		Economic liberalism
		Social Darwinism
		Neoliberalism
	Modern liberalism
		Individuality
		Positive freedom
		Social liberalism
		Economic management
	Liberalism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 3 Conservatism
	Origins and development
	The desire to conserve – central themes
		Tradition
		Human imperfection
		Organic society
		Hierarchy and authority
		Property
	Authoritarian conservatism
	Paternalistic conservatism
		One-nation conservatism
		Christian democracy
	Libertarian conservatism
		Liberal new right
		Conservative new right
		Tensions within the new right
	Conservatism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 4 Socialism
	Origins and development
	No man is an island – central themes
		Community
		Cooperation
		Equality
		Social class
		Common ownership
	Roads to socialism
		Revolutionary socialism
		Evolutionary socialism
		The inevitability of gradualism?
	Marxism
		Classical
			Philosophy
			Economics
			Politics
		Orthodox communism
			Leninism
			Stalinism
		Modern
		The death of Marxism?
	Social democracy
		Ethical socialism
		Revisionist socialism
		The crisis of social democracy
		Neorevisionism and the ‘third way’
	Further reading
Chapter 5 Nationalism
	Origins and development
	For the love of country – central themes
		The nation
		Organic community
		Self-determination
		Identity politics
		Liberal nationalism
		Conservative nationalism
		Expansionist nationalism
		Anticolonial and postcolonial nationalism
	Beyond nationalism
		Liberal internationalism
		Socialist internationalism
	Nationalism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 6 Anarchism
	Origins and development
	Against the state – central themes
		Anti-statism
		Natural order
		Anti-clericalism
		Economic freedom
	Collectivist anarchism
		Mutualism
		Anarcho-syndicalism
		Anarcho-communism
	Individualist anarchism
		Egoism
		Libertarianism
		Anarcho-capitalism
	/
	Roads to anarchy
		Revolutionary violence
		Direct action
		Non-violence
	Anarchism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 7 Fascism
	Origins and development
	Strength through unity – central themes
		Anti-rationalism
		Struggle
		Leadership and elitism
		Socialism
		Ultranationalism
	Fascism and the state
		The totalitarian ideal
		Corporatism
		Modernization
	Fascism and racialism
		The politics of race
		Nazi race theories
		Peasant ideology
	Further reading
Chapter 8 Feminism
	Origins and development
	The politics of the personal – central themes
		The public/private divide
		Patriarchy
		Sex and gender
		Equality and difference
		Liberal feminism
		Socialist feminism
		Radical feminism
		New feminist traditions
	Feminism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 9 Ecologism
	Origins and development
	Return to nature – central themes
		Ecology
		Holism
		Sustainability
		Environmental ethics
		Self-actualization
	Nature and politics
		Right-wing ecologism
		Ecosocialism
		Eco-anarchism
		Ecofeminism
	Ecologism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 10 Religious Fundamentalism
	Origins and development
	Back to basics – central themes
		Religion and politics
		The fundamentalist impulse
		Anti-modernism
		Militancy
	The family of fundamentalisms
		Islamic fundamentalism
			Shi'ite fundamentalism
		Christian fundamentalism
			The new Christian right
		Other fundamentalisms
	Religious fundamentalism in the twenty-first century
	Further reading
Chapter 11 Conclusion: Ideology without End?
	The end of ideology?
	The end of history?
	Postmodernism as ideology
	Globalism as ideology
	Further reading
Glossary of Terms
Bibliography
Index