Political History of America's Wars

COVER......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 8
KEY HISTORIC DOCUMENTS......Page 10
BIOGRAPHIES OF NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS......Page 14
PREFACE......Page 16
The Conflict......Page 20
The End of “Salutary Neglect”......Page 26
George III’s Proclamation of 1763......Page 27
Parliamentary Acts and Actions under Lord Grenville......Page 28
The Stamp Act Congress and Its Effects......Page 30
The Townshend Acts......Page 32
Urban Radicals: An “Affair,” a “Battle,” and a “Massacre”......Page 33
Backcountry Radicals: The Regulator Movement......Page 38
The Gaspée Affair and the Boston Tea Party......Page 39
The Intolerable Acts......Page 40
Colonial Coalescence......Page 41
Military Prelude to Revolution: Lord Dunmore’s War (1774)......Page 43
Virginia Joins In......Page 44
Toward Independence......Page 45
Independence Moves to Debate......Page 48
Declaration of Independence......Page 50
Congress as High Command......Page 51
Articles of Confederation......Page 54
The Franco-American Alliance......Page 55
The Peace Commission and Its Work......Page 56
Unresolved Postwar Issues......Page 57
The Conflict......Page 60
Conservative vs. Liberal......Page 62
The Conflict......Page 63
Origin of the Tax......Page 65
Enduring Consequences......Page 67
The Conflict......Page 68
Post-Revolutionary Indian Policy......Page 70
Indian Treaties......Page 72
The Path of Commerce......Page 73
A Conflict of Gvernments......Page 74
Treaty of Greenville......Page 76
The Conflict......Page 78
Polarization of Proand Anti-French Factions......Page 79
The Citizen Genêt Affair......Page 81
The Jay Treaty......Page 82
Alien and Sedition Acts......Page 85
Convention with France......Page 87
The Conflict......Page 88
Tribute Treaties and Public Response......Page 89
Jefferson Builds a Coalition......Page 90
An American Hero......Page 91
The Conflict......Page 92
Negotiation at the “Mouth of a Cannon”......Page 93
The Conflict......Page 96
The Congressional Debate: Opposition......Page 102
Regionalism and Its Discontents......Page 103
A Movement to Secede: The Hartford Convention......Page 104
Peace Talks......Page 106
Treaty of Ghent......Page 107
Andrew Jackson’s War Dividend......Page 109
The Conflict......Page 110
Moses Austin’s Grant, Stephen Austin’s Pledge......Page 111
Response to Fredonia......Page 112
The Conflict......Page 113
Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842......Page 115
The Conflict......Page 116
Diplomatic Crisis with Spain: The Adams-Oñis Treaty......Page 123
The Indian Removal Act of 1830......Page 124
The Law in Letter and Execution......Page 125
The Seminole Response......Page 126
Sac and Fox Cession of 1804......Page 128
Organization of the Department of Indian Affairs......Page 129
The Conflict......Page 131
John Quincy Adams Proposes a Deal......Page 134
The Changing Political Climate of Texas......Page 136
The Radicalization of Stephen Austin......Page 137
“Remember the Alamo!”......Page 138
The United States Responds......Page 139
The Conflict......Page 141
Manifest Destiny......Page 147
Texas Statehood......Page 149
British and French Interest in Texas......Page 150
California’s Bear Flag Rebellion (June–July 1846)......Page 151
Debate and Polarization......Page 152
The Antiwar Movement......Page 153
War Aims......Page 154
Enter Santa Anna......Page 155
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo......Page 156
Coda: The Gadsden Purchase......Page 157
Crisis: The Slavery Issue......Page 158
U.S. Indian Policy......Page 159
Problems Inherent in U.S. Indian Policy......Page 160
Reform Movement......Page 161
“Severalty” and Assimilation......Page 162
Indian Policy after the Transfer of Indian Affairs to the Department of the Interior (1849)......Page 164
Modifications to the India Department (1851)......Page 165
Yuma and Mojave Uprising (1851–1852)......Page 166
Creation of a Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California (1852)......Page 168
Paiute War (1860)......Page 169
Evolving Reservation Policy (1862)......Page 170
Federal Indian Statutes for Oregon Territory......Page 171
Rogue River War (1855–1856)......Page 172
Yakima War (1855)......Page 175
The Miners Appeal, the Army Responds......Page 176
The Stevens Treaties Ratified an Enforced......Page 177
The Conflict......Page 179
Enforcing Indian Policy in the West: The Impact of the Civil War......Page 182
Report of the Doolittle Committee (1867)......Page 183
The Work of the Indian Peace Commission (1867–1868)......Page 185
Congressional Debate on Indian Treaties......Page 186
The Conflict......Page 188
Missouri Compromise (1820)......Page 189
Compromise of 1850......Page 190
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)......Page 191
The Abolitionist Movement......Page 192
Responses to Abolitionism......Page 193
Bleeding Kansas: The Nation Watches......Page 194
The Dred Scott Case and Decision (1857)......Page 195
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry......Page 196
The Conflict......Page 200
Indian Policy and Public Opinion: The Civil War Years......Page 202
President Lincoln’s Response to the Uprising......Page 203
Aftermath......Page 204
The Conflict......Page 206
Prewar Policy under President Buchanan......Page 221
Secession......Page 222
Crittenden Compromise......Page 224
The Silence of the President-Elect......Page 225
Morrill Tariff......Page 226
Davis and His Cabinet (1861)......Page 227
International Response to the Civil War......Page 228
Suspension of Habeas Corpus and Its Consequences......Page 229
The President and the Committee on the Conduct of the War......Page 230
Emancipation......Page 231
Emergence of Black Troops......Page 236
Election of 1864......Page 237
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address......Page 238
Victory and Surrender......Page 239
Reconstruction Overview......Page 242
Wade-Davis Bill......Page 244
Andrew Johnson’s Proclamations......Page 246
Freedmen’s Bureau......Page 247
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867......Page 248
Impeachment......Page 249
The Decline and Fall of Reconstruction......Page 250
The Conflict......Page 253
Chivington, the “Fighting Parson”......Page 254
The Sand Creek Massacre......Page 255
Public Opinion and Indian Policy (1864–1865)......Page 256
The Conflict......Page 257
In the Wake of the Fetterman Massacre......Page 258
The Peace Commission......Page 259
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)......Page 260
Fragility of the Peace......Page 262
The Debate over Indian Policy Authority......Page 263
The Conflict......Page 264
War Department vs. Department of the Interior......Page 267
Secretary of the Interior Cox on Indian Policy (1869)......Page 268
The Fate of “Conquest through Kindness”......Page 269
The Conflict......Page 272
Abolition of Treaty Making (1871)......Page 274
The Peace Commission......Page 275
A New Power for the President......Page 276
The Conflict......Page 277
Indian Commissioner Smith on Indian Citizenship (1874)......Page 279
Commissioner Smith: The Principles of Indian Policy (1876)......Page 281
The Conflict......Page 283
A Federal Court Rules in Standing......Page 287
Secretary Schurz on Indian Policy (1880)......Page 288
Indian Commissioner Price on Civilizing the Indians (1881)......Page 289
Courts of Indian Offenses......Page 290
The Lake Mohonk Conference......Page 292
The Conflict......Page 293
Federal Intervention in the Black Hills Dispute......Page 297
In the Wake of the Little Bighorn......Page 298
The Image of Sitting Bull......Page 299
The Supreme Court Rules in Elk v. Wilkins......Page 300
Indian Major Crimes Act of 1885......Page 301
The Conflict......Page 303
Eloquence vs. Policy......Page 309
The Petition of Chief Joseph and the Generals......Page 310
The Conflict......Page 311
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887......Page 313
A System of Education for Indians (1889)......Page 314
The Ghost Dance......Page 315
The Public Response to Wounded Knee......Page 317
Indian Policy after 1891......Page 319
The Conflict......Page 320
Yellow Journalism......Page 321
The Imperial Impulse......Page 322
Relations with Aguinaldo......Page 323
American Empire: Pro and Con......Page 324
Governor Taft......Page 326
Proclamation of 1902......Page 327
The Conflict......Page 328
Yellow Journalism and the Narrowing of Public Opinion......Page 333
The Loss of the Maine......Page 334
Resolution on Cuban Independence and the Teller Amendment......Page 335
Logistical Problems......Page 336
Secretary Hay on “A Splendid Little War”......Page 340
Platt Amendment......Page 341
The Conflict......Page 342
Reflections on ProfessorTurner’s Thesis......Page 343
Agreement with the Sultan of Sulu......Page 344
The Conflict......Page 346
Background: Sino-American Relations......Page 348
The Boxer Protocol of 1901......Page 350
Taft-Katsura Memorandum of 1905 and Lansing-Ishii Agreement of 1917......Page 351
The Conflict......Page 355
Roosevelt and Hanna......Page 356
The Hay-Herrán Treaty......Page 357
The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty......Page 358
The Conflic......Page 359
American Business in Nicaragua......Page 360
Dollar Diplomacy......Page 361
Minority Report: Major Smedley Butler......Page 362
The Conflict......Page 364
U.S.-Mexican Relations and American Business Interests......Page 365
The Veracruz Decision (1914)......Page 367
The Punitive Expedition......Page 368
The Conflict......Page 370
“He Kept Us Out of War”: The Wilson Platform of 1916......Page 375
The Proportion of Trade Shifts......Page 376
Mediation Attempts......Page 377
Preparedness......Page 379
Catalyst for War: The Zimmermann Telegram......Page 380
Propaganda Campaign......Page 381
The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918......Page 384
Patriots and Slackers......Page 385
Wilson’s Fourteen Points......Page 386
Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles......Page 387
Losing the Peace: The Senate Rebels and the People Follow......Page 388
“Return to Normalcy”......Page 389
The Conflict......Page 390
Policy during the Coolidge Administration......Page 392
Policy during the Hoover Administration......Page 393
Son of a Bitch”......Page 394
The Conflict......Page 396
The Four Neutrality Acts of 1935–1939......Page 408
U.S. Policy on Appeasement......Page 409
Budgeting for War......Page 410
The Lend-Lease Concept and the Lend-Lease Act......Page 411
The Atlantic Charter......Page 412
Toward Pearl Harbor......Page 413
Bad News and Bold Heroes......Page 416
Japanese Internment......Page 417
Propaganda and Public Relations......Page 419
Wartime Race Relations......Page 420
The GI Bill......Page 422
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences......Page 423
Selling the Marshall Plan......Page 424
The Conflict......Page 427
Potsdam Conference......Page 431
The “Containment” Concept and Policy......Page 433
Security Council Resolution of June 27, 1950......Page 434
“Police Action”......Page 435
Racial Integration of the Armed Forces......Page 436
Relief of MacArthur......Page 437
Revised War Aims......Page 438
The Forgotten War......Page 439
The Conflict......Page 441
Policy under Truman: Reluctant Support of French Colonialism......Page 447
The Eisenhower Era: Domino Theory......Page 448
Policy during the Kennedy Era......Page 449
Johnson and His Advisers......Page 451
Johnson’s “Media Offensive”......Page 453
The Television War......Page 454
From Protest to Resistance......Page 455
Johnson Steps Down......Page 456
The 1968 Presidential Election......Page 457
Policy and Strategy under Nixon and Kissinger......Page 458
The My Lai Massacre Court Martial......Page 459
The “Kent State Massacre” (May 4, 1970)......Page 460
The Pentagon Papers......Page 462
The Paris Peace Talks and Accords......Page 463
Nixon’s Decline and Fall......Page 464
An Exit without Strategy: The Fall of Saigon......Page 465
Overview......Page 466
The Russo-Japanese War (1904Ð1905)......Page 467
Israel and the Arab World......Page 468
Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo......Page 480
The Conflict......Page 482
Promulgation of the “Eisenhower Doctrine”......Page 486
President Reagan’s Lebanon Policy......Page 487
America Withdraws from Lebanon......Page 489
The Conflict......Page 491
President Carter’s Central American Policy......Page 494
Economic Warfare......Page 495
The Iran-Contra Affair......Page 496
The Defeat of Ortega......Page 498
The Conflict......Page 499
Reagan Connects Flight 007, Beirut, and Grenada......Page 500
At Issue in Panama......Page 502
The Conflict......Page 503
Noriega as a U.S. Ally......Page 504
Noriega’s Transition from Ally to Enemy......Page 505
The Bush Policy......Page 506
The Noriega Trial......Page 507
The Conflict......Page 508
The Evolution of U.S. Policy on Iraq......Page 510
Opposition and Justification......Page 512
Media Coverage of Operation Desert Storm......Page 513
Evaluating an Unfinished War......Page 514
The Conflict......Page 516
Struggle toward a U.S. Policy on Bosnia and Herzegovina......Page 518
Peace Plans......Page 519
Toward U.S. Ground Intervention......Page 520
America as Peace Broker: Dayton Accords......Page 521
The Conflict......Page 522
Policy under President George H. W. Bush......Page 524
Policy under President Bill Clinton......Page 525
“Black Hawk Down,” 1993......Page 526
The Conflict......Page 528
U.S. Policy Evolves......Page 529
Resolution......Page 530
The Conflict......Page 532
Bipartisan Support......Page 535
Summary Detentions......Page 536
Homeland Security......Page 537
The Conflict......Page 538
The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998......Page 540
Bush at the United Nations......Page 541
Colin Powell at the United Nations......Page 542
A “Coalition of the Willing” or a Failure of Diplomacy?......Page 545
Quagmire?......Page 546
History Being Written......Page 548
INDEX......Page 550
PHOTO CREDITS......Page 572
TEXT CREDITS......Page 574