Policing In The Era Of AI And Smart Societies

Foreword......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
 Rethinking Criminal Justice in Cyberspace: The EU E-evidence Framework as a New Model of Cross-Border Cooperation in Criminal Matters......Page 10
1 Introduction: The Changing Nature of Crime and Evidence in Cyberspace......Page 11
2.1 From Mutual Legal Assistance Requests to Extraterritorial Unilateral Orders: An Organic and Necessary Development?......Page 19
2.2 A Paradigm Shift: The Extraterritoriality of the E-evidence Framework......Page 26
2.3 E-evidence Framework and the Principle of Mutual Recognition......Page 30
2.4 Resolving Conflicts of Laws with Third States......Page 33
3 Part 2: The E-evidence Framework and Fundamental Rights......Page 39
3.1 The Relationship Between the Issuing MS, the Enforcing MS and SPs—a Safeguards Perspective......Page 40
3.2 Beyond Definitions: E-evidence and Data Protection......Page 46
3.3 Confidentiality, Notification of Data Subject and Procedural Rights of Individuals......Page 58
4 Conclusion......Page 61
References......Page 64
1 Introduction......Page 68
2 Austerity and Contemporary Policing in a Cyber-Enabled World......Page 69
3 Focus of Austerity Policies......Page 71
4 Austerity, Police Budgets and Demands on Resources......Page 72
5 Challenges for Policing—Identifying the Scope of the Problem......Page 76
6 Challenges for Policing—Identifying the Field......Page 78
7 Challenges for Policing—Human Rights, Privacy and Surveillance Technologies......Page 79
8 Contemporary Policing and Digital Surveillance......Page 82
9 CCTV......Page 83
10 The Police and the Internet......Page 85
11 Analysing Devices......Page 86
12 Analysing Social Media......Page 87
References......Page 88
1 Introduction......Page 92
2 Technology and Crime......Page 93
3 Traditional Crime Versus Cyber Crime......Page 94
4 Digital Platforms and Social Media......Page 95
5 Preventive Versus Reactive Policing......Page 97
6 Behavioural Analytics......Page 98
7 Topic Models......Page 100
8 Proposed Refinements......Page 102
References......Page 103
 Securing Transparency and Governance of Organ Supply Chain Through Blockchain......Page 106
1 Organ Supply Chain Through Blockchain......Page 107
2 Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism......Page 108
3 Blockchain and Healthcare Operability......Page 110
3.1 Blockchain Governance......Page 112
4.1 Donor Matching and Pre-surgery Related Activities......Page 115
4.2 Post-surgery Related Information......Page 116
4.3 Electronic Record Systems Handling as Part of the Transplant Life Cycle......Page 117
4.5 Recording a DNA Sequence in a Public Blockchain System......Page 118
5 GDPR Data Protection and Ethics......Page 119
5.1 The GDPR—Blockchain Paradox......Page 120
5.3 Evaluation of Blockchain and GDPR Compatibility......Page 121
6 Organ Supply Chain Framework......Page 122
References......Page 125
1 Introduction......Page 128
2.1 A Need for Another Framework?......Page 129
2.3 Cyber Physical System Forensic Readiness......Page 131
2.4 Proposed Framework/Summary......Page 132
4 Digital Forensic Investigation Process Model, DFIPM......Page 133
4.1 Examination......Page 135
4.2 Analysis......Page 136
4.3 Interpretation......Page 137
4.4 Reconstruction......Page 138
4.6 Presentation......Page 140
4.7 Closure......Page 142
4.8 Summary......Page 143
5 Conclusions......Page 144
References......Page 146
1 Introduction......Page 148
1.1 The Development of Algorithms in Society and Policing......Page 149
1.2 Domestic Abuse Context......Page 154
1.3 Key Issues for Researchers and Practitioners......Page 158
References......Page 161
1 Introduction......Page 165
2 Understanding Sexting......Page 168
3 The Prevalence and Emergence of Sexting......Page 169
4 Revenge Pornography......Page 170
5 The Wider Socio-Technical Context......Page 171
6 Legal Responses to Sexting......Page 172
7 Outcome 21......Page 175
8 The Use of Outcome 21 in the UK......Page 176
9 Concluding Thoughts......Page 180
References......Page 182
1 Introduction......Page 186
2 Racist Algorithms?......Page 187
3 Image Recognition in Tackling Child Abuse and Exploitation Materials Online......Page 189
4 The Fundamentals of Machine Based Image Recognition......Page 193
5 Image Recognition in a Law Enforcement Context......Page 195
6 So, What Does Works?......Page 197
7 A Need for Greater Understanding and Evaluation......Page 202
1 Introduction......Page 206
2 The Scenario......Page 208
3 Drivers to 2025......Page 210
3.2 Public Perception......Page 211
4.1 Social Factors......Page 212
4.4 Legal and Regulatory Factors......Page 213
5.1 Ethical Impacts......Page 214
5.3 Social Impacts......Page 216
6 Mitigating the Negative and Accentuating the Positive Influences of These Technologies......Page 217
7 Steps Towards a Desired Future and Avoidance of an Undesired Future......Page 218
8 The SHERPA Project......Page 219
10 Conclusion......Page 220
References......Page 221
1 A Sudden Transformation......Page 223
2 On the Back Foot......Page 224
3 Technology to the Rescue......Page 226
4 People Problem......Page 229
5 Habituality......Page 230
6 The Data Deluge......Page 231
7 Recent Results......Page 232
9 Seeing Through the Fog of Complexity......Page 235
Further Reading......Page 236
1 Introduction......Page 237
2 Fake News......Page 240
2.1 Defining Fake News, Misinformation and Disinformation......Page 241
2.2 Types of False or Misleading Content......Page 242
3.2 Fact Checking Tools and Techniques......Page 244
3.4 Legislation......Page 246
4.1 Fact Check Sites, Workshops and Projects with Their Descriptions......Page 247
4.2 Fact Check Techniques......Page 250
4.3 List of Fact Checking Methodologies by Tool......Page 251
4.4 Fact Checking Methodology for Text......Page 262
4.5 Methodology for Fact Checking Videos......Page 264
4.6 Methodology for Fact Checking Images......Page 265
5 Critical Discussion......Page 266
6 Conclusions......Page 268
References......Page 269
1 Introduction......Page 272
2 Societal Examples......Page 277
3 Current Challenges and Modern-Day Domestic Abuse......Page 278
4 SHADA—A Proposed Framework......Page 280
5 Practical Use and Challenges......Page 281
6.1 Training Requirements......Page 282
7 Future Research......Page 283
References......Page 285