Police Use of Force: Global Perspectives and Policy Implications

Foreword
Contents
Part I: Police Use of Force in the United States and Canada
	Chapter 1: Analyzing the Use of Deadly Force by Police in Canada and the United States
		Canada and the United States of America: Bordering Nations
			Policing in Canada
			Policing in the United States of America
		Policing and Violent Crime
			Police Use of Deadly Force
			The Risks Inherent in Policing
			Theoretical Considerations: Police Use of Deadly Force
			The Physiological Impact of Police Use of Deadly Force
		Analysis
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 2: Analyzing and Understanding Police-Involved Shootings in the United States
		Introduction
		The “Ferguson Effect”
		A Decline in Public Trust in American Police Officers
		Contemporary Police Officer Perspectives
		Recent Sensational Police Incidents
		Police-Involved Shootings in the United States
		Race and Police-Involved Shootings
		Serious Crime and Murder Spikes in the United States
		Explanations for the Violent Crime and Murder Spike Since 2014
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Police Shootings, the Media, and the Public
		Introduction
		The Image of the Police in the Visual Arts and Media
		Life Imitating Art or Art Imitating Life in Police Work
		Policing in Democratic Society
		Conclusion and Recommendations
		References
Part II: Police Use of Force Globally
	Chapter 4: A Comparison of the Use of Force by Police: New Zealand and England & Wales
		Introduction
		The Use of Force by Police
		Discussion and Methodology
		New Zealand and England and Wales – The Facts
		Overview of the Recording of the Use of Police Force in New Zealand and England and Wales
			New Zealand
			England and Wales
		Examination of Use of Force in New Zealand in 2017
		Examination of Use of Force in England and Wales in 2017
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Big Data Before Its Time: The New Zealand Police Tactical Options Report Database
		Introduction
		The Establishment of a National Use of Force Database
		New Zealand Police Staff Safety Project
		New Zealand Police National Staff Safety Database
		The New Zealand Police Tactical Options Report Database
		2009 and 2017 Review of the Tactical Options Research Report Database
		Examining the New Zealand Police Tactical Options Research Report
		The New Zealand Police 2017 Tactical Options Report
		The United Kingdom
		Conclusion
		References
Part III: Police Non-lethal Use of Force Options
	Chapter 6: Police Training Options to Reduce Violence in Police-Suspect Encounters
		Introduction
		Stress Inoculation Training
		Types and Lengths of Training and Use of Force Compared
		The Toolbox
		De-escalation and Pre-escalation
		Pre-escalation Tactics
		De-escalation Tactics
			Breathing
		Dynamic Simulation-Based Training
			Legal Framing
			Academic Framing
		Introduction of Physical Skills
		Simulations and Scenarios
			Closed Dynamic Simulations
			Open Dynamic Simulations
		Officer-Induced/Officer-Created Jeopardy
			Designing Training Simulations to Reduce Use of Force
			Risk Matrix
		Let Go of Your Ego and Depersonalise
		Training Equipment
		Inert Training Weapons
		Helmets and Safety Glasses
			Goals of Your Training
			Evidence
			Writing Scenarios
		Simulation/Scenario Examples and Questions
		Culminating Scenarios
		Training and Technology
		Conclusion
		Apply the Skill
		References
	Chapter 7: Reporting Police Use of Conducted Energy Weapons to the Public: A Cross-Jurisdictional Comparison
		Introduction
		Policing and the Importance of Transparency
		CEW Use and Racial Bias
		CEWs and Mission Creep
		Are CEWs Reserved for Critical Incidents?
		International CEW Reporting Requirements
		Reporting CEW Use in the UK
			Northern Ireland
			England and Wales
		Reporting CEW Use in the NZ
		Reporting CEW Use in Australian Policing Jurisdictions
			Victoria
			Queensland
			Northern Territory
			New South Wales
			Australian Capital Territory
			Western Australia
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Policing Protests, Demonstrations and Mass Violence
	Chapter 8: Police and Protestors: Motives and Responses
		Introduction
		Public Order Law in Australia
		Public Order Offences in NSW
		Public Order Law in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
		Public Order Offences in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland
		COVID-19: A 2021 Public Assembly Game-Changer?
		Managing Crowds and Psychology of Crowds
		Police Training
		Police Tactics in Public Disorder Incidents
		‘Kettling’
		Preparation and Planning
		Tactics Police Should Not Use
		Legitimacy of Police
		Protestor Tactics in Public Disorder Incidents
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: An Examination of the Police Response to Riots and Violent Demonstrations in the United States
		Introduction
		Characteristics of Responding Agencies
		Human Resources
		Officer Physical Competency
		Psychometric Testing
		Reporting Actions and Civil Complaints
		Equipment Used by a Police Civil Disorder or a Riot Squad
		Firearms and Non-lethal Weapons
		Training Members of Police Civil Disorder or Riot Squads
		The Response Structure of a Police Civil Disorder or Riot Squad
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Soccer-Related Violence: The Police Response in Australia and in the United Kingdom
		Introduction
		Evolution of Football
		Football-Related Disasters and Inquiries
		Hillsborough Disaster in 1989
		Football in England
		Policing and Safety at Football Grounds
		Football-Related Violence
		Australia – History of A-League Football
		Policing of Football Matches
		Cost of Policing Football Matches
		Crimes Committed by Football Fans in the Vicinity of Football Grounds
		Policing Techniques to Deter Football Hooliganism
		Police Training and Techniques
		Alcohol at Sporting Events
		Football Banning Orders
		Football Banning Orders in Australia
		Conclusion
		References
Part V: Violence Directed at the Police
	Chapter 11: Factors Influencing Assaults on New Zealand Police Officers
		Introduction
		Methodology
		Discussion of the Results of the Survey
		Characteristics of the Survey Respondents
		Discussion
		The Assailant
		Officer Actions
		Recording the Assault
		Location of Assaults
		Time of Day of Assaults
		The Number of Individuals Present During an Assault
		The Influence of Alcohol Consumption
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Assaults on Police Officers: A Review of the Predictors
		Introduction
		An International Review of Assaults on Police Officers
		Assaults on Police Officers in England and Wales
		Assaults on Police Officers in the United States of America
		Prior Research of Assaults on Police Officers
		Types of Assaults on Police Officers
		Measuring the Form and Number of Assaults
		Factors and Circumstances Surrounding Assaults on Police Officers
		Predictor of an Assault: Resistance by an Assailant
		Predictor of an Assault: Characteristics of the Assaulted Officer
		Predictor of an Assault: Characteristics of the Assailant
		Predictor of an Assault: Situational Factors
		Predictor of an Assault: Social Factors
		Predictor of an Assault: Gender of Police Officer
		Predictor on an Assault: Minority Officers
		Organisational Factors
		Organisational Structure
		Responding to Domestic Assault Calls
		Limitations of the Research
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI: Police Deviance and Brutality
	Chapter 13: When the Protectors Become the Aggressors: Police Brutality in South Africa
		Introduction
		Explaining Police Brutality
		Prominent Case Studies of Police Brutality in South Africa
		Police Accountability
		Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID)
		Motivations for the Use of Violence by Police
		Recommendations to Deal with Police Brutality
		References
	Chapter 14: Criminological Explanations for Police Officer Brutality and Criminality
		Introduction
		The Police Deviance Typology
		Understanding Police Deviance
		Examining Police Deviance Through Patterns and Trends
		Police Deviance in the United States
		Timetable of American Police Deviance and Serious Misconduct (1960s–Present)
			The 1960s
			The 1970s
			The 1980s
			The 1990s
			2001 to the Present
		Overview of Police Deviance Involving the NYPD
		Police Corruption and Deviance: A Brief Literature Review
		Theories of Crime and Police Deviance
		Summary: Police Deviance
		Theories of Crime and Police Corruption
		Theories of Crime and Police Criminality
		Theories of Crime and the Excessive Use of Force
		Theories of Crime and Police Abuse of Authority
		Theories of Crime and Police Misconduct
		Theories of Crime and the “Blue Wall of Silence”
		Theories of Crime and Courtroom Perjury
		Policy Recommendations: Enhancing Organizational Integrity and Professionalism
		Conclusion
		References
Part VII: Holding Police Accountable
	Chapter 15: The Use of Force by Police Officers in the Republic of Kosovo
		Introduction
		Use of Force by Police
		Reviewing Use of Force by Police in Kosovo
		Preliminary Actions and Use of Force Case Panel Review
		The Use of Force Review Panel Report and Processes
		Kosovo Police Use of Force Data
		Conclusion
	Chapter 16: The Effect of Police Accountability Measures on the Repeat Use of Excessive Force by Police Officers
		Introduction
		Literature Review
		Theoretical Framework
		The NYPD Data
		Research Variables
		Research Findings
		Conclusion
		References
Part VIII: Sociological and Psychological Factors Involving Police Use of Force
	Chapter 17: Police-Community Relations: Policing Amidst the Black Lives Matter Movement in the United States
		Introduction
			The Derek Chauvin Case: What This Verdict Means for Future Police
			The Many Deaths of Minorities by Law Enforcement
				Botham Jean (Texas)
				Daunte Wright (Minnesota)
				Marvin Scott III (Texas)
				Daniel Prude (New York)
				Andre Hill (Ohio)
				George Floyd (Minnesota)
			HR 1280 George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021
			The Emergence of the Active Bystander for Law Enforcement (ABLE) Project
			The Use of Minority Community Members in Examining Police-Community Relations
			Implications for African-American Police Officers
			The Myth of Post Floyd Era Rising Crime Rates
			Likely Future Trends
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 18: The Negative Impact of Police Psycho-physiological Stressors
		Introduction
		Types of Police Stressors
		Negative Outcomes Associated with Police Stressors and Possible Coping Mechanisms
		New Features of the Present Study
		Methodology
			Participants
			Research Procedures
			Measurement of Police Stressors
			Measurement of Possible Negative Outcomes
			Measurement of Healthy and Unhealthy Coping Mechanisms
			Preliminary Data Analyses
			Data Analysis
		Results
			Preliminary Analyses of Demographic Variables Associated with Police Stressors
			Negative Outcomes Associated with Police Stressors
			Coping Mechanisms Most Significantly Associated with Police Stressors
			Does Repressed Anger Mediate Associations Between Stressors and Negative Outcomes?
		Discussion
			Study Limitations
		References
	Chapter 19: Afterword and Final Thoughts
		Introduction
		Discussion
		Conclusion
Index