Polarized Light, Revised and Expanded (Optical Science and Engineering)

POIARIZED LIGHT......Page 1
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION......Page 6
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION......Page 8
CONTENTS......Page 10
A HISTORICAL NOTE......Page 16
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 15
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......Page 20
CONTENTS......Page 0
REFERENCES......Page 21
2.2 THE WAVE EQUATION......Page 22
2.2.1 PLANE WAVE SOLUTION......Page 24
2.2.2 SPHERICAL WAVES......Page 25
2.2.3 FOURIER TRANSFORM METHOD......Page 26
2.2.4 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR EQUATION......Page 27
2.2.5 A NOTE ON THE EQUATION OF A PLANE......Page 29
2.3 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT......Page 30
2.4 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF A WAVE AT AN INTERFACE......Page 34
BOOKS......Page 38
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 39
3.2 THE INSTANTANEOUS OPTICAL FIELD AND THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE......Page 40
3.3 SPECIALIZED (DEGENERATE) FORMS OF THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE......Page 43
3.4 ELLIPTICAL PARAMETERS OF THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 48
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 49
4.2 DERIVATION OF THE STOKES POLARIZATION PARAMETERS......Page 50
4.2.4 LINEAR- 45 POLARIZED LIGHT (L-45)......Page 54
4.3 THE STOKES VECTOR......Page 55
4.3.4 LINEAR - 45 POLARIZED LIGHT (L-45)......Page 56
4.3.6 LEFT CIRCULARLY POLARIZED LIGHT (LCP)......Page 57
4.4 CLASSICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE STOKES POLARIZATION PARAMETERS......Page 61
4.5 STOKES PARAMETERS FOR UNPOLARIZED AND PARTIALLY POLARIZED LIGHT......Page 65
4.6 ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE STOKES POLARIZATION PARAMETERS......Page 67
4.7 STOKES PARAMETERS AND WOLF’S COHERENCY MATRIX......Page 77
BOOKS......Page 81
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 82
5.2 THE MUELLER MATRIX OF A POLARIZER......Page 84
5.3 THE MUELLER MATRIX OF A RETARDER......Page 89
5.4 THE MUELLER MATRIX OF A ROTATOR......Page 92
5.5 MUELLER MATRICES FOR ROTATED POLARIZING COMPONENTS......Page 94
5.6 GENERATION OF ELLIPTICALLY POLARIZED LIGHT......Page 100
BOOKS......Page 103
6.2 CLASSICAL MEASUREMENT METHOD: THE QUARTER-WAVE RETARDER POLARIZER METHOD......Page 104
6.3 MEASUREMENT OF THE STOKES PARAMETERS USING A CIRCULAR POLARIZER......Page 108
6.4 THE NULL-INTENSITY METHOD......Page 112
6.5 FOURIER ANALYSIS USING A ROTATING QUARTER-WAVE RETARDER......Page 115
6.6 THE METHOD OF KENT AND LAWSON......Page 119
6.7 SIMPLE TESTS TO DETERMINE THE STATE OF POLARIZATION OF AN OPTICAL BEAM......Page 125
BOOKS......Page 132
7.2 MEASUREMENT OF ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS OF A POLARIZER (DIATTENUATOR)......Page 133
7.3 MEASUREMENT OF PHASE SHIFT OF A RETARDER......Page 140
7.4 MEASUREMENT OF ROTATION ANGLE OF A ROTATOR......Page 146
BOOK......Page 148
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 149
8.2 FRESNEL’S EQUATIONS FOR REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION......Page 150
8.2.1 DEFINITIONS......Page 151
8.2.3 DERIVATION OF THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS......Page 152
8.3 MUELLER MATRICES FOR REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT AN AIR–DIELECTRIC INTERFACE......Page 161
8.4.1 NORMAL INCIDENCE......Page 168
8.4.2 THE BREWSTER ANGLE......Page 170
8.4.3 45 INCIDENCE......Page 171
8.4.4 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION......Page 174
BOOKS......Page 179
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180
9.2 CONSTRAINTS ON THE MUELLER MATRIX......Page 182
9.3 EIGENVECTOR AND EIGENVALUE ANALYSIS......Page 183
9.4 EXAMPLE OF EIGENVECTOR ANALYSIS......Page 186
9.5 THE LU–CHIPMAN DECOMPOSITION......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 200
10.2 THE DIAGONAL MUELLER MATRIX AND THE ABCD POLARIZATION MATRIX......Page 202
10.3 MUELLER MATRICES FOR SINGLE AND MULTIPLE DIELECTRIC PLATES......Page 210
BOOKS......Page 224
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 225
11.2 THE JONES VECTOR......Page 226
11.3 JONES MATRICES FOR THE POLARIZER, RETARDER, AND ROTATOR......Page 230
11.4 APPLICATIONS OF THE JONES VECTOR AND JONES MATRICES......Page 235
11.5 JONES MATRICES FOR HOMOGENEOUS ELLIPTICAL POLARIZERS AND RETARDERS......Page 245
BOOKS......Page 253
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 254
12.2 THEORY OF THE POINCARE ´ SPHERE......Page 255
12.2.1 NOTE ON THE DERIVATION OF LAW OF COSINES AND LAW OF SINES IN SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY......Page 265
12.3 PROJECTION OF THE COMPLEX PLANE ONTO A SPHERE......Page 271
12.4 APPLICATIONS OF THE POINCARE ´ SPHERE......Page 278
BOOKS......Page 286
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 287
13.2 MATHEMATICAL STATEMENTS FOR UNPOLARIZED LIGHT......Page 288
13.3 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT WITH UNPOLARIZED LIGHT......Page 290
13.4 THE FIRST EXPERIMENT: FIRST AND SECOND INTERFERENCE LAWS......Page 294
13.5 THE SECOND EXPERIMENT: THIRD INTERFERENCE LAW......Page 299
13.6 THE THIRD EXPERIMENT: FOURTH INTERFERENCE LAW......Page 301
13.7 THE HERSCHEL–STOKES EXPERIMENT......Page 304
13.8.1 THE FIRST INTERFERENCE LAW......Page 306
13.8.4 THE FOURTH INTERFERENCE LAW......Page 307
BOOKS......Page 308
CHAPTER 14: INTRODUCTION TO THE CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION BY ACCELERATING CHARGES......Page 309
BOOKS......Page 310
CHAPTER 15: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 317
16.1 FIELD COMPONENTS OF THE RADIATION FIELD......Page 318
16.2 RELATION BETWEEN THE UNIT VECTOR IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES......Page 320
16.3 RELATION BETWEEN THE POYNTING VECTOR AND THE STOKES PARAMETERS......Page 323
BOOKS......Page 328
17.1 STOKES VECTOR FOR A LINEARLY OSCILLATING CHARGE......Page 329
17.2 STOKES VECTOR FOR AN ENSEMBLE OF RANDOMLY ORIENTED OSCILLATING CHARGES......Page 332
17.3 STOKES VECTOR FOR A CHARGE ROTATING IN A CIRCLE......Page 335
17.4 STOKES VECTOR FOR A CHARGE MOVING IN AN ELLIPSE......Page 338
BOOKS......Page 339
18.1 MOTION OF A CHARGE IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD......Page 340
18.1.1 MOTION OF AN ELECTRON IN A CONSTANT ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 341
18.1.2 MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 344
18.1.3 MOTION OF AN ELECTRON IN A CROSSED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 347
18.2 STOKES VECTORS FOR RADIATION EMITTED BY ACCELERATING CHARGES......Page 354
18.2.1 STOKES VECTOR FOR A CHARGE MOVING IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 356
18.2.2 STOKES VECTOR FOR A CHARGE ACCELERATING IN A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 357
18.2.3 STOKES VECTOR FOR A CHARGE MOVING IN A CROSSED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 358
BOOKS......Page 359
19.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION......Page 360
19.2 MOTION OF A BOUND CHARGE IN A CONSTANT MAGNETIC FIELD......Page 361
19.3 STOKES VECTOR FOR THE ZEEMAN EFFECT......Page 370
PAPERS......Page 375
BOOKS......Page 376
20.1 RELATIVISTIC RADIATION AND THE STOKES VECTOR FOR A LINEAR OSCILLATOR......Page 377
20.2 RELATIVISTIC MOTION OF A CHARGE MOVING IN A CIRCLE: SYNCHROTRON RADIATION......Page 384
20.3 CERENKOV EFFECT......Page 390
20.4 THOMSON AND RAYLEIGH SCATTERING......Page 401
BOOKS......Page 409
21.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 410
21.2 OPTICAL ACTIVITY......Page 412
21.3 FARADAY ROTATION IN A TRANSPARENT MEDIUM......Page 418
21.4 FARADAY ROTATION IN A PLASMA......Page 421
BOOKS......Page 423
22.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 424
22.2 RELATION BETWEEN STOKES POLARIZATION PARAMETERS AND QUANTUM MECHANICAL DENSITY MATRIX......Page 426
22.3 NOTE ON PERRIN’S INTRODUCTION OF STOKES PARAMETERS, DENSITY MATRIX, AND LINEARITY OF THE MUELLER MATRIX ELEMENTS......Page 434
22.4 RADIATION EQUATIONS FOR QUANTUM MECHANICAL SYSTEMS......Page 439
22.5.1 PARTICLE IN AN INFINITE POTENTIAL WELL......Page 442
22.5.2 ONE-DIMENSIONAL HARMONIC OSCILLATOR......Page 444
22.5.3 RIGID ROTATOR......Page 445
BOOKS......Page 449
CHAPTER 23: INTRODUCTION......Page 451
24.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 453
24.2 REVIEW OF CONCEPTS FROM ELECTROMAGNETISM......Page 454
24.3 CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES......Page 456
24.4 CRYSTALS......Page 457
24.4.1 THE INDEX ELLIPSOID......Page 459
24.4.3 THE WAVE SURFACE......Page 466
24.4.4 THE WAVEVECTOR SURFACE......Page 467
24.5 APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC FIELDS: INDUCED BIREFRINGENCE AND POLARIZATION MODULATION......Page 469
24.6 MAGNETO-OPTICS......Page 476
24.7 LIQUID CRYSTALS......Page 477
24.8 MODULATION OF LIGHT......Page 481
24.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
25.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 485
25.2 MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR ABSORBING MEDIA......Page 486
25.3 PRINCIPAL ANGLE OF INCIDENCE MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT OF OPTICALLY ABSORBING MATERIALS......Page 495
25.4 MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AT AN INCIDENT ANGLE OF 45......Page 502
BOOKS......Page 515
26.2.1 ABSORPTION POLARIZERS: POLAROID......Page 516
26.2.3 WIRE-GRID POLARIZERS......Page 523
26.2.4 POLARIZATION BY REFRACTION (PRISM POLARIZERS)......Page 525
26.3.1 BIREFRINGENT RETARDERS......Page 527
26.3.2 VARIABLE RETARDERS......Page 529
26.3.3 ACHROMATIC RETARDERS......Page 530
26.4 ROTATORS......Page 534
26.4.1 OPTICAL ACTIVITY......Page 535
26.5 DEPOLARIZERS......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 537
27.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 538
27.2.1 ROTATING ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 539
27.2.3 ROTATING RETARDER AND FIXED ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 541
27.3 OSCILLATING ELEMENT POLARIMETRY......Page 542
27.3.1 OSCILLATING ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 543
27.3.2 OSCILLATING RETARDER WITH FIXED ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 545
27.3.3 OSCILLATING RETARDER AND ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 546
27.4.1 PHASE MODULATOR AND FIXED ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 548
27.4.2 DUAL-PHASE MODULATOR AND FIXED ANALYZER POLARIMETER......Page 549
27.5.1 DIVISION OF WAVEFRONT POLARIMETRY......Page 550
27.5.2 DIVISION OF AMPLITUDE POLARIMETRY......Page 551
27.6 OPTIMIZATION OF POLARIMETERS......Page 559
REFERENCES......Page 561
28.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 563
28.1.2 ROTATING ELEMENT POLARIMETERS......Page 564
28.1.3 PHASE- MODULATING POLARIMETERS......Page 566
28.2.1 POLARIMETER DESCRIPTION......Page 567
28.2.2 MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT: OBTAINING THE MUELLER MATRIX......Page 568
28.2.4 ERROR COMPENSATION......Page 571
28.2.5 OPTICAL PROPERTIES FROM THE MUELLER MATRIX......Page 578
28.2.7 SPECTROPOLARIMETRY......Page 580
28.2.8 THE MEASUREMENT MATRIX METHOD......Page 581
28.3.1 MODULATOR-BASED MUELLER MATRIX POLARIMETER......Page 582
28.3.2 MUELLER MATRIX SCATTEROMETER......Page 584
28.3.3 FOUR-DETECTOR PHOTOPOLARIMETER......Page 585
REFERENCES......Page 587
29.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 588
29.2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF CLASSICAL ELLIPSOMETRY......Page 589
29.3 CLASSICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE ELLIPSOMETRIC PARAMETERS PSI AND DELTA......Page 591
29.4 SOLUTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF ELLIPSOMETRY......Page 600
29.4.1 STOKES’ TREATMENT OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT AN INTERFACE......Page 618
29.5 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN ELLIPSOMETRY: THE MUELLER MATRIX REPRESENTATION OFY AND A......Page 619
BOOKS......Page 626
APPENDIX A......Page 627
APPENDIX B......Page 628
APPENDIX C......Page 631
VECTOR REPRESENTATION OF THE OPTICAL FIELD: APPLICATION TO OPTICAL ACTIVITY......Page 633
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 644