Polarization in Optical Fibers

Polarization in Optical Fibers......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
1.2.1 Velocity and Refractive Index......Page 16
1.2.2 Energy, Power, and Intensity......Page 19
1.2.3 Optical Polarization......Page 21
1.3 Reflection and Refraction......Page 23
1.4 Total Internal Reflection......Page 34
1.5 Interference of Light......Page 38
1.6 Diffraction......Page 40
1.7 Group Velocity......Page 47
1.8 Emission and Absorption of Light......Page 51
1.9 Elements of Photodetection......Page 52
1.10 Conclusions......Page 54
Selected Bibliography......Page 55
2.2 The Slab Waveguide......Page 56
2.3 Integrated Optics......Page 67
2.4 Cylindrical Waveguides......Page 68
2.5 Optical Fibers......Page 72
2.6 Optical Fibers for Communications......Page 75
2.6.1 Optical-Fiber Attenuation......Page 77
2.6.2 Optical-Fiber Dispersion......Page 79
Selected Bibliography......Page 89
3.1 Introduction......Page 90
3.2 The Polarization Ellipse......Page 91
3.3 Crystal Optics......Page 94
3.4 Retarding Waveplates......Page 99
3.5 A Variable Waveplate: The Soleil-Babinet Compensator......Page 103
3.6 Polarizing Prisms......Page 104
3.8 Circular Birefringence......Page 106
3.9 Elliptical Birefringence......Page 107
3.10 Polarization Analysis......Page 109
3.11.1 Linear Birefringence Matrix......Page 116
3.11.3 Elliptical Birefringence Matrix......Page 117
3.11.4 The Essence of the Jones Calculus......Page 118
3.11.5 The Retarder/Rotator Pair......Page 124
3.12 Conclusions......Page 125
Selected Bibliography......Page 126
4.1 Introduction......Page 128
4.2.1 General Introduction......Page 129
4.2.2 Polarization-Holding Waveguides......Page 131
4.2.3 Bend-Induced Linear Birefringence......Page 136
4.2.5 Twisted Linearly Birefringent Fiber......Page 137
4.2.6 The Electro-Optic Effect......Page 139
4.2.7 The Magneto-Optic Effect......Page 140
4.3.1 General Introduction......Page 143
4.3.2 The Formalism of Nonlinear Optics......Page 145
4.3.3 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers......Page 147
4.3.4 Second Harmonic Generation and Phase Matching......Page 148
4.3.5 Optical Mixing......Page 153
4.3.6 Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index......Page 154
4.3.7 Optical Kerr Effect......Page 156
4.3.8 Self-Phase Modulation......Page 157
4.3.9 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)......Page 160
4.4 Solitons......Page 163
References......Page 166
5.2 Optical Communications Systems......Page 168
5.3 Polarization Phenomena in Components and Devices for Optical Communications......Page 169
5.4 Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD)......Page 174
5.4.1 Dependence on Optical Path Length......Page 175
5.4.2 Distinction Between ‘‘Long’’ and ‘‘Short’’ Regimes—Correlation Length......Page 178
5.4.3 Formal Analysis of PMD......Page 180
5.4.4 The Statistics of PMD in Installed Fibers......Page 183
5.4.5 Measurement of PMD......Page 187
5.4.6 Compensation for PMD......Page 192
5.5 Coherent Optical Communications Systems......Page 197
References......Page 206
6.1 Introduction......Page 208
6.2.1 Interferometric Sensors......Page 211
6.3.1 Optical-Fiber Current Measurement......Page 219
6.3.2 Direct Current Measurement......Page 229
6.3.3 Voltage Measurement......Page 230
6.4.1 Introduction to Distributed Optical-Fiber Measurement......Page 231
6.4.2 Polarization-Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (POTDR)......Page 233
6.5 Conclusions......Page 237
References......Page 238
7.2 The Optical Kerr Effect in the Optical-Fiber Gyroscope......Page 240
7.3.1 General......Page 242
7.3.2 Frequency-Derived Distributed Optical-Fiber Sensing (FD/DOFS)......Page 243
7.3.3 Polarization State Dependent Kerr Effect Forward-Scatter DOFS......Page 246
7.3.4 Quasi-Distributed Sensing Using Photo-Induced Polarization Grating Couplers......Page 250
References......Page 256
8 Epilogue......Page 258
Appendix A: Maxwell’s Equations......Page 260
Appendix B: The Fourier Inversion Theorem......Page 264
Appendix C: The Polarization Ellipse......Page 266
Appendix D: Elliptical Birefringence......Page 270
Appendix E: Second Harmonic Generation......Page 274
About the Author......Page 278
Index......Page 280
Errata......Page 289