Polarization Holography

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
List of symbols and abbreviations......Page 15
1 Light polarization......Page 19
1.1 Linearly polarized light......Page 20
1.2 Circularly polarized light......Page 21
1.3 Elliptically polarized light......Page 23
1.4 Jones vectors......Page 24
1.5 The coherency matrix......Page 25
1.6 Stokes parameters and the Stokes vector......Page 26
1.6.3 Linear ±45º polarized light......Page 28
1.7 The Poincaré sphere......Page 29
References......Page 30
2.1 Materials with optical anisotropy......Page 31
2.2 The Jones-matrix formalism......Page 33
2.2.2 Jones matrices of transparent birefrigent optical elements (retardation plates)......Page 34
2.2.3 The Jones matrix of a material with dichroism and birefringence......Page 35
2.2.5 Changing the coordinate system of Jones matrices......Page 36
2.2.6 Jones matrices in circular coordinates......Page 37
2.3 The coherency-matrix formalism......Page 38
2.4 The Mueller-matrix formalism......Page 39
2.4.4 The Mueller matrix of an optical rotator......Page 40
References......Page 41
3.1 Plane-wave interference and holography......Page 42
3.2 Interference of polarized light......Page 44
3.3 Introduction to polarization holography......Page 45
3.4 Poincaré representation of resulting polarization states......Page 48
3.5 Polarization holography in materials with only linear photoanisotropy......Page 50
3.6 Transmission polarization holograms......Page 54
3.6.1 Case 1: R and S are plane waves with orthogonal linear polarization......Page 55
3.6.2 Case 2: R and S are plane waves with orthogonal circular polarization......Page 59
3.6.3 Case 3: R and S have parallel linear polarization......Page 63
3.6.4 General case: arbitrary polarization of the subject wave Reconstruction of light polarization......Page 65
3.6.5 Mixed polarization gratings......Page 71
3.6.6 Volume polarization holograms......Page 73
3.7 Reflection polarization holograms in materials with linear photoanisotropy......Page 78
3.8 Polarization-holographic recording in materials with linear and circular anisotropy......Page 86
3.9 Polarization gratings together with a surface relief: orthogonally circularly polarized beams......Page 92
3.9.1 The total transmission matrix for both optical anisotropy and surface relief......Page 93
3.9.2 The first-order-of-diffraction matrix......Page 96
3.9.3 Determination of the phase shift between topography and anisotropy gratings, δ0......Page 97
3.9.4 Calculation of ∆ψ and ∆φ from detected intensities IVV, IVH, IHV, IHH......Page 98
3.10.2 The transmission matrix for anisotropy......Page 99
3.10.4 The total transmission matrix......Page 100
3.10.6 Calculation of ∆ψ and ∆φ from detected intensities......Page 101
3.11 Evanescent-wave polarization holography......Page 102
References......Page 103
4 Azobenzene and azobenzene-containing polymers......Page 106
4.1 Guest-host systems......Page 108
4.2 Azobenzene polymers......Page 109
4.2.1 Liquid-crystalline side-chain polyesters......Page 110
4.2.2 Amorphous side-chain polyesters......Page 111
4.3 Azobenzene peptides......Page 113
4.4 Azobenzene side-chain polymethacrylates......Page 114
4.5 Azobenzene dendrimers......Page 116
4.6 Photoaddressable polymers......Page 117
4.6.1 Surface relief......Page 121
4.7 Photorefractive azobenzene polymers......Page 124
4.8 Polymer photochromic cholesterics......Page 125
4.9 Experimental techniques - linear anisotropy measurements......Page 126
4.9.1 Calculation of induced phase shift from measured data......Page 128
Birefringence......Page 130
Temporal behavior of induced anisotropy as a function of sample temperature and laser intensity......Page 131
Birefringence......Page 132
4.10 Photoinduced circular anisotropy in side-chain azobenzene polyesters......Page 134
4.11 The experimental set-up for polarization holography......Page 136
4.12 Polarization holography in guest-host systems......Page 137
4.13 Polarization holography in side-chain polyesters......Page 139
4.13.1 Polarization-holographic gratings in materials with linear and circular anisotropy......Page 142
4.14.1 Surface-relief gratings in azobenzene polymers......Page 143
4.15 Polarization holography with UV light......Page 150
4.16 Evanescent-wave polarization holography......Page 151
4.17 Biphotonic polarization holography......Page 152
References......Page 153
5.1 Photoinduced anisotropy in silver-halide materials......Page 159
5.2 Alkali-halide crystals containing anisotropic color centers......Page 165
5.3 Arsenic sulfide and arsenic selenide......Page 169
5.4 Bacteriorhodopsin......Page 172
5.5 Photoanisotropy in organic dyes......Page 176
5.5.1 Photoinduced anisotropy in dyes from the triphenylmethane group......Page 177
5.5.2 Photoanisotrpy in xanthene dyes......Page 179
5.6.1 Photopolymers with cholesteric liquid crystals......Page 180
5.6.2 Liquid-crystal polymers......Page 181
5.7 Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals......Page 183
5.8 Polarization holography in doped photorefractive crystals......Page 184
References......Page 186
6.1 A Stokesmeter based on a polarization grating......Page 192
6.1.1 A Stokesmeter for measurement at a fixed wavelength......Page 195
6.1.2 A spectral Stokesmeter......Page 199
6.2 Polarization-holographic optical elements......Page 201
6.2.1 Writing the grating......Page 203
6.2.2 Diffraction from the grating......Page 204
6.3 A bifocal holographic lens......Page 206
6.4 A liquid-crystal-based holographic polarization optical element......Page 210
6.5 Display holography......Page 214
6.5.1 Polarization holography of transparencies......Page 215
6.5.2 Polarization holography of three-dimensional objects......Page 217
6.5.4 Reflection holograms......Page 218
6.5.5 Holography with short pulses......Page 223
6.6 Holographic data storage......Page 224
6.6.1 A read-write optical system......Page 225
6.6.2 A Read-only optical system......Page 227
6.7 Polarization-holographic multiplexing......Page 230
6.8 Four-wave mixing and polarization optical phase conjugation......Page 233
6.8.1 Linearly polarized wave 1......Page 236
6.8.2 Circularly polarized wave 1......Page 237
6.9 A joint transform correlator......Page 238
6.10 Fiber Bragg gratings......Page 239
6.12 Holographic inscription of helical wavefronts in a liquid-crystal polarization grating......Page 240
6.13 A polarization-dependent lateral-shearing interferometer......Page 241
6.14 Other applications......Page 243
References......Page 244
7 Conclusions and future prospects......Page 247
References......Page 252
Index......Page 254