POLAR NIGHT Marine Ecology: Life and Light in the Dead of Night (Advances in Polar Ecology, 4)

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Historical Perspectives on Arctic Polar Night
	1.2 Rijpfjorden and the International Polar Year (2007–2008)
	1.3 The Polar Night and the Novaya Zemlya Effect
	References
Chapter 2: The Marine Physical Environment During the Polar Night
	2.1 The Ocean
		2.1.1 Winter Versus Polar Night in the Physical Environment
		2.1.2 General Characteristics
		2.1.3 Coastal Conditions
	2.2 The Atmosphere
	2.3 The Ice
	2.4 Knowledge Gaps
	References
Chapter 3: Light in the Polar Night
	3.1 What Is Light Climate?
		3.1.1 Intensity
		3.1.2 Spectrum
		3.1.3 Duration
	3.2 Polar Night as Defined by Solar Elevation
	3.3 Atmospheric Light in the Polar Night
		3.3.1 Intensity
		3.3.2 Spectrum
	3.4 Underwater Light in the Polar Night
		3.4.1 Propagation of Atmospheric Light Through the Water Column
	3.5 Bioluminescence Contributes to the Underwater Light Field
		3.5.1 Bioluminescence as a Phenomenon
		3.5.2 Bioluminescent Taxa During Polar Night
		3.5.3 Rhythms in Bioluminescence During Polar Night
		3.5.4 Spatial Distribution of Bioluminescence During Polar Night
		3.5.5 Bioluminescence and Predator–Prey Interactions during Polar Night
	3.6 Artificial Light in Polar Night
	3.7 Future Perspectives and Knowledge Gaps
	References
Chapter 4: Marine Micro- and Macroalgae in the Polar Night
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 The Key Abiotic Environmental Variables Related to Micro- and Macroalgae
	4.3 Microalgae
		4.3.1 Phytoplankton
		4.3.2 Microphytobenthos
		4.3.3 Sea-Ice Algae
	4.4 Macroalgae
		4.4.1 Biological Variables Affecting Macroalgae
		4.4.2 Seasonal Changes in Phaeophytes, Rhodophytes, and Chlorophytes
		4.4.3 Habitats for Perennial Macroalgae
	4.5 Ecophysiology of Algae in the Polar Night
		4.5.1 Microalgae: Different Survival Mechanisms, But Ready Anytime
		4.5.2 Macroalgae: Season Anticipators
		4.5.3 Survival in the Polar Night Darkness – L. solidungula Versus S. latissima
	4.6 Conclusive Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Zooplankton in the Polar Night
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Arctic Zooplankton Species Composition in the Polar Night
	5.3 Overwintering Strategies of Arctic Zooplankton
		5.3.1 Overwintering Strategy I: Herbivorous Copepods
		5.3.2 Overwintering Strategy II: Omnivorous Euphausiids and Copepods
		5.3.3 Overwintering Type III: Omnivores and Carnivores
	5.4 Seasonal Vertical Migration
	5.5 Reproduction During the Polar Night
	5.6 Seasonal Changes in Abundance and Winter Mortality
	5.7 Zooplankton Metabolic Rates During the Polar Night
	5.8 Diel Vertical Migration (DVM)
		5.8.1 Patterns of DVM and Its Role in the Biological Pump
		5.8.2 Polar Night DVM
	5.9 Summary and Knowledge Gaps
	References
Chapter 6: Benthic Communities in the Polar Night
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Trade-Offs Associated with Winter Activity of the Benthos
	6.3 Community Structure
	6.4 Growth/Activity
	6.5 Reproduction and Recruitment
	6.6 Primary Producers: Kelp
	6.7 Benthic Processes
	6.8 Detrital Pools and Advective Supply
	6.9 Climate Change Perspectives: Benthos in the New Polar Night
	6.10 Challenges and Future Research Needs
	References
Chapter 7: Fish Ecology During the Polar Night
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Fishes in the Arctic: The Specialists
		7.2.1 Polar Cod
		7.2.2 Arctic Cod
		7.2.3 Daubed Shanny
		7.2.4 Greenland Halibut
		7.2.5 Arctic Charr
	7.3 Borealization of the Arctic Fish Community During the Polar Night
		7.3.1 Boreal Species in the Polar Night
		7.3.2 Redfish
		7.3.3 Herring
		7.3.4 Capelin
		7.3.5 Atlantic Cod
		7.3.6 Haddock
		7.3.7 American Plaice
		7.3.8 Lanternfish
	7.4 On the Advantages of Spawning During the Polar Night
	7.5 Foraging in the Dark of Night
	7.6 Knowledge Gaps and New Technology to Address Them
	References
Chapter 8: Biological Clocks and Rhythms in Polar Organisms
	8.1 What Are Biological Clocks?
		8.1.1 Molecular Underpinnings of Biological Clocks
		8.1.2 General Characteristics and Ultimate Significance of Clocks
		8.1.3 Complex Environments Require Complex Clocks
		8.1.4 Clock Rhythms in Polar Regions
	8.2 Biological Clocks in the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus
		8.2.1 Circadian Clocks and Cycles
		8.2.2 Seasonal Clocks
	8.3 Biological Clocks in Krill Euphausia superba
		8.3.1 Circadian Clocks and Cycles
		8.3.2 Seasonal Clocks
	8.4 Biological Clocks in Bivalves
		8.4.1 Measuring Bivalve Shell Gape Cycles
		8.4.2 Seasonal Clocks
		8.4.3 Circadian Clocks
	8.5 Climate Change Effects on Biological Clocks in Polar Regions
	References
Chapter 9: Sensor-Carrying Platforms
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Characteristics of Sensor-Carrying Platforms
	9.3 Payload Sensors
		9.3.1 Underwater Optics
		9.3.2 Acoustics
		9.3.3 Other Sensors
	9.4 Underwater Navigation Sensors
	9.5 Spatial and Temporal Resolution and Coverage
	9.6 Autonomy Aspects
		9.6.1 Autonomy Levels
		9.6.2 Control Architecture
		9.6.3 Risk Aspects
	9.7 Case Studies
		9.7.1 Under-Ice and Polar Night AUV Operations
		9.7.2 Marine Archeology
		9.7.3 Adaptive Mapping of Plankton Using AUV
		9.7.4 Winter Observations in the Barents Sea Using Gliders
	9.8 Safe and Efficient Operations
	References
Chapter 10: Operative Habitat Mapping and Monitoring in the Polar Night
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Northguider: Fishing Vessel Grounded During the Polar Night December 2018
	10.3 What Do We Now Know About Life in the Polar Night: What Are the Real Threats?
		10.3.1 Current Management of Svalbard Waters
		10.3.2 Framework for Filling Knowledge Gaps Concerning Ecosystem Dynamics During the Polar Night
		10.3.3 Ecosystem-Based Management of Living Resources During the Polar Night: What Are Reliable Indicators of the Ecological State of the Marine Environment?
		10.3.4 Organisms at the Sea Surface
		10.3.5 Organisms in the Water Column
		10.3.6 Organisms on the Seafloor
	10.4 New Technologies for Habitat Mapping and Monitoring
		10.4.1 Acoustics
		10.4.2 Optics
		10.4.3 Case Example: Supervised Classification of Underwater Hyperspectral Imagery from Kvadehuken, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
		10.4.4 Human Activity, Habitat Function, Future Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps
	References
Chapter 11: Life and Light at the Dead of Night
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Overview of Posters
Index