Pocket Atlas of Echocardiography

Half Title......Page 2
Ventricular Cyst......Page 0
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Examination......Page 9
Imaging and Patient Position......Page 12
Transducer and Imaging Planes......Page 11
Examining Situation......Page 13
Four Acoustic Windows for Imaging the Heart......Page 15
Transducer Position and Imaging Plane......Page 17
Anatomical Structures......Page 19
Image Adjustment......Page 21
Transducer Position and Imaging Plane......Page 23
Anatomical Structures......Page 25
Image Adjustment......Page 27
Imaging the Mitral Valve......Page 29
Imaging the Chordae Tendinae......Page 31
Imaging the Papillary Muscles......Page 33
Transducer Position and Imaging Plane......Page 35
Apical Four-Chamber View......Page 37
Apical Two-Chamber View......Page 39
Apical Three-Chamber View......Page 41
Apical Five-Chamber View......Page 43
Transducer Position......Page 45
Imaging the Ascending Aorta......Page 47
Transducer Position......Page 49
Anatomical Structures......Page 50
M-Mode and Doppler Echocardiography......Page 51
Principle of M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 53
Aortic Valve......Page 54
Mitral Valve......Page 55
Left Ventricle......Page 56
The Doppler Effect......Page 57
Imaging Blood Flow......Page 58
Imaging Doppler Spectra on the Monitor Screen......Page 59
Continuous-Wave (CW) Mode......Page 61
Pulsed-Wave (PW) Mode......Page 63
Principles of Color Doppler Imaging......Page 65
Aliasing......Page 67
Tricuspid Valve in the Parasternal Short-Axis View......Page 69
Pulmonary Valve in the Parasternal Short-Axis View......Page 71
Mitral Valve in the Apical Two-Chamber View......Page 73
Aortic Valve in the Apical Three-Chamber View......Page 75
Tricuspid Valve in the Apical Four-Chamber View......Page 77
Aortic Valve in the Apical Five-Chamber View......Page 79
Aorta in the Suprasternal Window......Page 81
Atria in the Subcostal Window......Page 83
Mitral Valve in the Subcostal Window......Page 84
Cardiac Abnormalities......Page 85
Aortic Stenosis......Page 87
Aortic Stenosis: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 89
Aortic Stenosis: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 90
Aortic Stenosis: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 91
Medium-Grade Aortic Stenosis......Page 93
High-Grade Aortic Stenosis......Page 95
Mitral Stenosis......Page 97
Mitral Stenosis: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 99
Mitral Stenosis: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 100
Low-Grade Mitral Stenosis......Page 101
High-Grade Mitral Stenosis......Page 103
Aortic Insufficiency......Page 105
Aortic Insufficiency: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 107
Aortic Insufficiency: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 108
Aortic Insufficiency: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 109
Low-Grade Aortic Insufficiency......Page 111
High-Grade Aortic Insufficiency......Page 113
Mitral Insufficiency......Page 115
Mitral Insufficiency: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 117
Mitral Insufficiency: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 118
Low-Grade Mitral Insufficiency......Page 119
High-Grade Mitral Insufficiency......Page 121
Mitral Valve Prolapse......Page 123
Mitral Valve Prolapse: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 125
Mitral Valve Prolapse......Page 127
Mitral Valve Prolapse: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 129
Tricuspid Insufficiency......Page 131
Tricuspid Insufficiency: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 133
Low-Grade Tricuspid Insufficiency......Page 135
High-Grade Tricuspid Insufficiency......Page 136
Pulmonary Insufficiency......Page 137
Pulmonary Insufficiency: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 138
Low-Grade Pulmonary Insufficiency......Page 139
Medium-Grade Pulmonary Insufficiency......Page 140
Coronary Heart Disease......Page 141
Anterior Myocardial Infarction: Complications......Page 143
Anterior Myocardial Infarction: Complications cont.......Page 145
Lateral Myocardial Infarction......Page 147
Posterior Myocardial Infarction......Page 149
Posterior Myocardial Infarction: Complication......Page 151
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy......Page 153
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 155
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 158
Dilated Cardiomyopathy......Page 159
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 161
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 162
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 163
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Complications......Page 164
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)......Page 165
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 167
HOCM: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 168
Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HNCM)......Page 169
Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 171
HNCM: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 172
Bioprosthetic Valve in the Aortic Position......Page 173
Bioprosthetic Valve in the Aortic Position: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 175
Bioprosthetic Valve in the Aortic Position: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 176
Artificial Prosthesis in the Aortic Position......Page 177
Artificial Prosthesis in the Aortic Position: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 179
Artificial Prosthesis in the Aortic Position: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 180
Artificial Prosthesis in the Mitral Position......Page 181
Artificial Prosthesis in the Mitral Position: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 183
Artificial Prosthesis in the Mitral Position: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 184
Ring Prosthesis in the Mitral Position......Page 185
Ring Prosthesis in the Mitral Position: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 187
Ring Prosthesis in the Mitral Position: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 188
Mitral Valve Endocarditis......Page 189
Mitral Valve Endocarditis cont.......Page 191
Aortic Valve Endocarditis......Page 193
Aortic Valve Endocarditis cont.......Page 195
Pericardial Effusion......Page 197
Pericardial Effusion: M-Mode Echocardiography......Page 199
Pericardial Tamponade......Page 201
Pericardial Tamponade: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 202
Atrial Septal Defect......Page 203
Atrial Septal Defect: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 205
Ventricular Septal Defect......Page 207
Ventricular Septal Defect: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 209
Atrial Septal Aneurysm......Page 211
Hypertensive Heart Diseases......Page 213
Hypertensive Heart Disease: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 215
Hypertensive Heart Disease: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 216
Cor Pulmonale......Page 217
Cor Pulmonale: Doppler Echocardiography......Page 219
Cor Pulmonale: Color Doppler Imaging......Page 220
Pacemaker Lead in the Right Atrium......Page 221
Myxoma in the Left Atrium......Page 223
Pacemaker Lead in the Right Ventricle......Page 225
Ventricular Aneurysm with Thrombus......Page 227
Ventricular Tumor......Page 229
Ventricular Cyst......Page 231
Aortic Dissection......Page 233