PNF IN PRACTICE : an illustrated guide.

Preface
Acknowledgement To Susan Adler
The International PNF-Association®
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction
	1.1  Positioning of the PNF Concept in the Modern Holistic Treatment
		1.1.1  The ICF Model
		1.1.2  Treatment and the PNF Concept: Basic Principles and Techniques
		1.1.3  Learning Phases
		1.1.4  Motor Control and Motor Learning
	Patient Example: Mr. B.
	SMART Analysis of Mr. B.
	Patient Example: Mr. B.
	Patient Example: Mr. B.
	Patient Example: Mr. B.
	1.2  PNF: Definition, Philosophy, Neurophysiological Basics
		1.2.1  Definition
		1.2.2  PNF Philosophy
		1.2.3  Basic Neurophysiological Principles
	1.3  Test Your Knowledge: Question
	References
2 PNF Basic Principles and Procedures for Facilitation
	2.1  Optimal Resistance
	2.2  Irradiation and Reinforcement
	2.3  Tactile Stimulus (Manual Contact)
	2.4  Body Position and Body Mechanics
	2.5  Verbal Stimulation (Commands)
	2.6  Visual Stimulus
	2.7  Traction and Approximation
		2.7.1  Traction
		2.7.2  Approximation
	2.8  Stretch
		z z	Stretch Stimulus
		z z	Stretch Reflex (Technique)
	2.9  Timing
	2.10  Patterns
	2.11  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
3 PNF Techniques
	3.1  Introduction
	3.2  Rhythmic Initiation
	3.3  Combination of Isotonics
	3.4  Reversal of Antagonists
		3.4.1  Dynamic Reversals (Incorporates Slow Reversal)
		3.4.2  Stabilizing Reversals
		3.4.3  Rhythmic Stabilization
	z	Indications and Contraindications
	3.5  Repeated Stretch (Repeated Contractions)
		3.5.1  Repeated Stretch from Beginning of Range (Repeated Initial Stretch)
	z	Indications and Contraindications
		3.5.2  Repeated Stretch Through Range (Old Name: Repeated Contractions)
	z	Indications and Contraindications
	3.6  Contract–Relax
		3.6.1  Contract–Relax: Direct Treatment
		3.6.2  Contract–Relax: Indirect Treatment
	3.7  Hold–Relax
		3.7.1  Hold–Relax: Direct Treatment
	z	Indications and Contraindications
		3.7.2  Hold–Relax: Indirect Treatment
	3.8  Replication
	3.9  PNF Techniques and Their Goals
	3.10  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
4 Patient Assessment and Treatment
	4.1  Introduction
	4.2  Assessment
		4.2.1  Body Functions and Body Structure
	4.3  Hypothesis
	4.4  Tests for Causal Impairments and Activity Limitations Adjust to the Treatment
	4.5  Treatment Goals
		4.5.1  General Goals
		4.5.2  Specific Goals
	4.6  Treatment Planning and Treatment Design
		4.6.1  Specific Patient Needs
		4.6.2  Designing the Treatment
		4.6.3  Direct and Indirect Treatment
	4.7  Re-Test for Causal Impairments and Activity Limitations
	4.8  Treatment Examples
	4.9  Indications and Contraindications
	4.10  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
5 Patterns of Facilitation
	5.1  Introduction
	5.2  PNF Patterns
	5.3  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
6 The Scapula and Pelvis
	6.1  Introduction
	6.2  Applications
	6.3  Basic Procedures
	6.4  Scapular Diagonals
		6.4.1  Specific Scapular Patterns
			Anterior Elevation and Posterior Depression (. Fig. a–c)
				Anterior Elevation (. Fig. b and )
				Posterior Depression (. Fig. c and )
			Anterior Depression and Posterior Elevation (. Fig. )
				Anterior Depression (. Fig. b, and )
				Posterior Elevation (. Fig. c and )
		6.4.2  Specific Uses for Scapular Patterns
	6.5  Pelvic Diagonals
		6.5.1  Specific Pelvic Patterns
			Anterior Elevation and Posterior Depression
				Anterior Elevation (. Fig. b and , See . Fig. 12.27e, f and 12.28a, b)
				Posterior Depression (. Fig. c, e and )
			Anterior Depression and Posterior Elevation (. Fig. a–c)
				Anterior Depression (. Fig.  and a–c, See . Fig. 12.27c, d)
				Posterior Elevation (. Fig. c and , See . Fig. 12.22a, b)
		6.5.2  Specific Uses for Pelvic Patterns
	6.6  Symmetrical, Reciprocal, and Asymmetrical Exercises
		6.6.1  Symmetrical–Reciprocal Exercise and Symmetrical Combinations
		6.6.2  Asymmetrical Exercise
	6.7  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
7 The Upper Extremity
	7.1  Introduction
	7.2  Basic procedures
	z	Normal Timing and Timing for Emphasis
	7.3  Flexion–abduction–external rotation (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.3.1  Flexion–abduction–external rotation with elbow flexion (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.3.2  Flexion–Abduction–External Rotation with Elbow Extension (. Fig. ).
	7.4  Extension–Adduction–Internal Rotation (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.4.1  Extension–Adduction–Internal Rotation with Elbow Extension (. Fig. )
		7.4.2  Extension–Adduction–Internal Rotation with Elbow Flexion (. Fig. )
	7.5  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.5.1  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation with Elbow Flexion (. Fig. )
		7.5.2  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation with Elbow Extension (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	7.6  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.6.1  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Elbow Extension (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
		7.6.2  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Elbow Flexion (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	7.7  Thrust and Withdrawal Combinations
		7.7.1  Ulnar Thrust and Withdrawal
		7.7.2  Radial Thrust and Withdrawal
	7.8  Bilateral Arm Patterns
	7.9  Changing the Patient’s Position
		7.9.1  Arm Patterns in a Side-Lying Position
		7.9.2  Arm Patterns Lying Prone on Elbows
		7.9.3  Arm Patterns in a Sitting Position
		7.9.4  Arm Patterns in a Quadruped Position
		7.9.5  Arm Patterns in a Kneeling Position
	7.10  Therapeutic Applications of Arm Patterns
	7.11  Test your Knowledge: Questions
	References
8 The Lower Extremity
	8.1  Introduction
	8.2  Basic Procedures
	z	Normal Timing and Timing for Emphasis
	8.3  Flexion–Abduction–Internal Rotation (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	z	Resistance
		8.3.1  Flexion–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Knee Flexion (. Fig. )
		8.3.2  Flexion–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Knee Extension (. Fig. )
	8.4  Extension–Adduction–External Rotation (. Fig. )
		8.4.1  Extension–Adduction–External Rotation with Knee Extension (. Fig. )
		8.4.2  Extension–Adduction–External Rotation with Knee Flexion (. Fig. )
	8.5  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation (. Fig. )
		8.5.1  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation with Knee Flexion (. Fig. )
		8.5.2  Flexion–Adduction–External Rotation with Knee Extension (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	8.6  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation (. Fig. )
		8.6.1  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Knee Extension (. Fig. )
		8.6.2  Extension–Abduction–Internal Rotation with Knee Flexion (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	8.7  Bilateral Leg Patterns
	8.8  Changing the Patient’s Position
		8.8.1  Leg Patterns in a Sitting Position
		8.8.2  Leg Patterns in a Prone Position (. Fig. a–f)
		8.8.3  Leg Patterns in a Side-Lying Position (. Fig. )
		8.8.4  Leg Patterns in a Quadruped Position (. Fig. )
		8.8.5  Leg Patterns in a Standing Position (. Fig. )
	8.9  Therapeutic Indications for Leg Patterns
	8.10  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
9 The Neck
	9.1  Introduction
	9.2  Basic Procedures
	9.3  Indications
	9.4  Flexion to the Left, Extension to the Right (. Fig. )
		9.4.1  Flexion/Left Lateral Flexion/Left Rotation (. Fig.  c, d)
		9.4.2  Extension/Right Lateral Flexion/Right Rotation (. Fig. )
	9.5  Neck for Trunk
		9.5.1  Neck for Trunk Flexion and Extension
		9.5.2  Neck for Trunk Lateral Flexion
		9.5.3  Neck for Right Lateral Trunk Flexion with Flexion Bias (. Fig.  a–c)
		9.5.4  Neck for Right Lateral Trunk Flexion with Extension Bias (. Fig.  d–f)
	9.6  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
10 The Trunk
	10.1  Introduction
	10.2  Treatment Procedures
	10.3  Chopping and Lifting
		10.3.1  Chopping
	z	Grip
	z	Alternative Position
		10.3.2  Lifting
	z	Grip
	z	Alternative Positions
	10.4  Bilateral Leg Patterns for the Trunk
		10.4.1  Bilateral Lower-Extremity Flexion, with Knee Flexion, for Lower-Trunk Flexion (Right) (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	z	Resistance
		10.4.2  Bilateral Lower-Extremity Extension, with Knee Extension, for Lower-Trunk Extension (Left) (. Fig. )
	z	Grip
	z	Resistance
		10.4.3  Trunk Lateral Flexion
			Left Lateral Flexion with Flexion Bias
			Right Lateral Flexion with Extension Bias (. Fig. )
	10.5  Combining Patterns for the Trunk
		10.5.1  Trunk Combinations
		10.5.2  Treatment of Scoliosis
	10.6  Test Your Knowledge: Question
	References
11 Mat Activities
	11.1  Introduction: Why Do Mat Activities?
	11.2  Basic Procedures
	11.3  Techniques
	11.4  Mat Activities
		11.4.1  Rolling
		11.4.2  Prone on Elbows (Forearm Support)
		11.4.3  Side Lying Leaning on Elbows and Side Sitting
		11.4.4  Quadruped
		11.4.5  Kneeling
		11.4.6  Half-Kneeling
		11.4.7  From Hands-and-Feet Position (Arched Position on All Fours) to Standing Position and Back to Hands-and-Feet Position (. Fig. )
		11.4.8  Exercise in a Sitting Position
		11.4.9  Bridging
			11.5  PNF in Pediatrics
	11.6  Patient Cases in Mat Activities
	11.7  Therapeutic Applications
	11.8  Test Your Knowledge: Question
	References
12 Gait Training
	12.1  Introduction: The Importance of Walking
	12.2  Basics of Normal Gait
		12.2.1  The Gait Cycle (. Figs.  and )
		12.2.2  Trunk and Lower-Extremity Joint Motion in Normal Gait
		12.2.3  Muscle Activity During Normal Gait (Perry 2010) (. Fig. )
	12.3  Gait Analysis: Observation and Manual Evaluation
	12.4  The Theory of Gait Training
	12.5  The Procedures of Gait Training
		12.5.1  Approximation and Stretch
		12.5.2  Using Approximation and Stretch Reflex
	12.6  Practical Gait Training
		12.6.1  Preparatory Phase in Sitting
	z	Sitting Activities
		12.6.2  Standing Up and Sitting Down
		12.6.3  Standing
		12.6.4  Walking
	z	Forward
		12.6.5  Other Activities
	12.7  Patient Cases in Gait Training
	12.8  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
13 Vital Functions
	13.1  Introduction
	13.2  Stimulation and Facilitation
	13.3  Facial Muscles
	z	Epicranius (Frontalis) (. Fig. , 1)
		z z	Command
	z	Corrugator (. Fig. , 2)
		z z	Command
	z	Orbicularis Oculi (. Fig. , 3)
		z z	Command
	z	Levator Palpebrae Superioris (. Fig. , 4)
		z z	Command
	z	Procerus (. Fig. , 5)
		z z	Command
	z	Risorius and M. Zygomaticus Major (. Fig. , 6)
		z z	Command
	z	Orbicularis Oris (. Fig. , 7)
		z z	Command
	z	Levator Labii Superioris (. Fig. , 8)
		z z	Command
	z	Depressor Labii Inferioris (9)
		z z	Command
	z	Mentalis (. Fig. , 10)
		z z	Command
	z	Levator Anguli Oris (. Fig. , 11)
		z z	Command
	z	Depressor Anguli Oris (. Fig. , 12)
		z z	Command
	z	Buccinator (. Fig. , 13)
		z z	Command
	z	Masseter Temporalis (. Fig. , 14)
		z z	Command
	z	Infrahyoid and M. Suprahyoid (. Fig. , 15)
		z z	Command
	z	Platysma (. Fig. , 15)
		z z	Command
	13.4  Tongue Movements
	13.5  Swallowing
	13.6  Speech Disorders
	13.7  Breathing
	13.8  Test Your Knowledge: Questions
	References
14 Activities of Daily Living
	14.1  Introduction
	14.2  Transfers
	14.3  Dressing and Undressing
	14.4  Test Your Knowledge: Question
	References
15 Test Your Knowledge: Questions and Answers
Glossary
Index