Pluralism in Islamic Contexts - Ethics, Politics and Modern Challenges

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Acknowledgements
Contents
Contributors
About the Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: Islam, Muslims, and Religious Pluralism: Concepts, Scope and Limits
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Comparative Religions in Classical Islamic Scholarship
	1.3 Cumulated Traditions and the Challenge of Modern Pluralism
	1.4 Concepts: Islam, Islamic, Muslim; Plurality, Pluralism, Pluralization
	1.5 Pluralism in Contemporary Islamic Thought
	1.6 Book Content
	References
Part I: Pluralism in Classical Islamic Thought and Politics
	Chapter 2: Valorizing Religious Dialogue and Pluralism Within the Islamic Tradition
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Knowledge of One Another
		2.3 The Commonality of Human Beings
		2.4 “Reconciliation of Hearts”
			2.4.1 The Concept of Reconciliation
			2.4.2 The Praxis of Reconciliation
		References
	Chapter 3: The Qur’an and Pluralism: A Skeptical View
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 The Qur’an and Difference
		3.3 The Limits of Acceptable Interpretation
		3.4 Back to the Qur’an
		3.5 The Qur’an as a Guide to Morality
		3.6 Stuck on Principles
		3.7 The Return of Difference
		3.8 The Perils of Tradition
		3.9 Concluding Remarks: Living Without Principles
		References
	Chapter 4: Theories of Ethics in Islamic Thought and the Question of Moral Pluralism
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Religious Vs. Moral Pluralism
		4.3 Moral Pluralism
		4.4 Moral Pluralism Vs. Ethical Relativism
		4.5 Pluralism from a Muslim Perspective
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 5: Genealogies of Pluralism in Islamic Thought: Shi‘a Perspective
		5.1 Introduction
			5.1.1 Genealogies of Pluralism
			5.1.2 Shi‘ite Islam
		5.2 Section 1: The Problem of Abrogating Pluralist Qur’anic Verses
			5.2.1 The Principle of Abrogation of Liberal Verses
			5.2.2 The First Argumentation on the Impossibility of Abrogation: Declarative Verses
			5.2.3 The Approach of ‘Many Exegetes’ of the Qur’an: The Abrogation of Liberal Verses
			5.2.4 Four Sword Verses Abrogated All Liberal Verses and Covenants with Non-believers
			5.2.5 Conditional Denial of Abrogation: The ‘Forgotten’ (insā’) Formula
			5.2.6 The Second Argumentation on the Impossibility of Liberal Verses: ‘ikrāh’ Meanings
			5.2.7 Third Argumentation on the Impossibility of Liberal Verses: Cause and Effect
			5.2.8 The Fourth Argumentation on the Impossibility of Abrogation of Liberal Verses: Dīn and Sharāyi‘
			5.2.9 Abrogation of Liberal Verses Between Sunni and Shi‘ite Scholarship
			5.2.10 Concluding Remarks on the Abrogation of Liberal Verses
		5.3 Section 2: The Teachings of ‘Ali bin abi Tālib, a Rich Source of Political Ethics
		5.4 Section 3: Reason (‘aql) – The Foundation of Pluralism
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
			English
			Arabic
			Persian
	Chapter 6: Taḥkīm as an Islamic Democratic Precedent? Towards a New Look at One of Islam’s Formative Episodes
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Background
		6.3 Multiple Lines of Polarization
		6.4 The Battle and Its Aftermath
		6.5 Taḥkīm
		6.6 Arbitration Fiasco
		6.7 A New Look at Taḥkīm
		6.8 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 7: Universalism and Cosmopolitanism in Islam: The Idea of the Caliphate
		7.1 Universalism
		7.2 Cosmopolitanism
		7.3 After the Caliphate
		7.4 Concluding Note
		References
	Chapter 8: Reading the Rival’s Scripture in Open Societies: Christians Encountering the Qur’an
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Non/Reception of the Qur’an
		8.3 Externalization: Islam Is a False Faith
		8.4 Rejection: Islam Is from the Devil
		8.5 Paternalism
			8.5.1 The Case of Kenneth Cragg and Samuel Zwemer
			8.5.2 The Case of Mark Robert Anderson
		8.6 Qur’an’s Alleged Misunderstanding of Christian Dogmas
		8.7 Radical Skepticism: the Origins of Islam Are Dubious
		8.8 “The Qur’an Got It Half-Right”
		8.9 “The Qur’an Is Unoriginal”
		8.10 “Muhammad: a Prophet for the Arabs Only”
		8.11 Concluding Notes
		References
Part II: Pluralism in Modern Islamic Thought and Politics
	Chapter 9: Pluralism in Contemporary Islamic Thought: The Case of Mohammed Arkoun, Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd and Abdolkarim Soroush
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 A New Phase in the Fragmentation of Islamic Intellectual Authority: Arkoun, Abu Zayd and Soroush
		9.3 From an Ontological to an Epistemological Approach to Islam
		9.4 The Discussion of Religious Pluralism
		9.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 10: Divine Unity and Human Plurality in Turkish Muslim Thought
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Contemporary Turkish Theology (Dis-)/Engagements with Religious Pluralism
		10.3 Tawḥīd (Divine Unity) as the Foundation of Pluralism
		10.4 The Case of Şaban Ali Düzgün: The Plurality of Tawḥīd
		10.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 11: Nurcholish Madjid and Religious Pluralism in Indonesian Islam
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Broadening the Horizon: Negotiating Islam and Nationalism
		11.3 Protecting Progressive Values in the Face of Islamist Populism
		11.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 12: Islamic Theology of Religious Pluralism: Building Islam-Buddhism Understanding
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Islamic Theology of Religions – The Meaning of “Muslim”
		12.3 The Qur’an on Religious Diversity
		12.4 Religious Pluralism in the Qur’an
			12.4.1 Everyone Who Believes in Ultimate Reality and Does Good Is Guaranteed Salvation
			12.4.2 Allah and Other Definitions of Ultimate Reality Are Identical
			12.4.3 Diversity of Religions Is a Part of God’s Plan and Will Last as Long as the World Lasts
			12.4.4 Muslims Must Be Tolerant and Respectful Towards Other Religions
			12.4.5 Islam Is Not a New Religion But a Re-Confirmation of Truth Revealed Before
		12.5 Buddhism and Islam – A Historical Sketch of Relations
			12.5.1 Buddhism as Non-theistic Religion
			12.5.2 Buddha and Muhammad – The Prophetic Dimension
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Sufism and Politics
		13.1 Introduction: The Health of Democracy in Muslim Majority States
		13.2 On Analyzing the Democracy Deficit in Muslim Majority States
		13.3 Sufism as a Factor in Nurturing Pluralism and Democracy
		13.4 The Top Five Ranked Muslim Majority Democracies
			13.4.1 Malaysia
			13.4.2 Indonesia
			13.4.3 Tunisia
			13.4.4 Senegal
			13.4.5 Bangladesh
			13.4.6 Albania
		13.5 Turkey, Egypt and Pakistan: Challenging the Thesis that Sufi Activism Trends Toward Democracy
		13.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 14: Rawlsian Liberal Pluralism and Political Islam: Friends or Foes?
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 The Modernist Conception of Political Islam and Justice as Fairness
		14.3 Rawls’ Conception of Reasonability and Political Legitimacy in Medieval Islamic Philosophy
		14.4 Medieval Islamic Philosophy to the Rescue
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
Index