Plumbing Principles and Practice

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
List of figures
List of tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History of plumbing
	1.3 Plumbing practice: global perspective
		Australia
		United Kingdom (UK)
		United States of America (USA)
		India
		Bangladesh
	1.4 Scope of plumbing systems
	1.5 Importance of plumbing
		1.5.1 Environmental aspects of plumbing
		1.5.2 Health aspects of plumbing
		1.5.3 Energy aspects of plumbing
		1.5.4 Plumbing damaging property
		1.5.5 Plumbing as a development indicator
		1.5.6 Regulatory aspects of plumbing
	1.6 Principles of plumbing
		1.6.1 Achieving the objectives
	1.7 Basic plumbing requirements
	1.8 Plumbing practice
		1.8.1 Planning of plumbing
		1.8.2 Designing of plumbing
		1.8.3 Installation of plumbing
		1.8.4 Maintaining plumbing
	1.9 Plumbing practitioners and traders
		1.9.1 Plumbing professionals
		1.9.2 Plumbing contractors
		1.9.3 Plumbers
		1.9.4 Manufacturers and traders
2 Hydraulics in plumbing
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Hydraulics
		2.2.1 Density
		2.2.2 Viscosity
		2.2.3 Surface tension
		2.2.4 Vapour pressure
		2.2.5 Temperature
		2.2.6 Other factors
	2.3 Pressure
		2.3.1 Atmospheric pressure
		2.3.2 Static water pressure
		2.3.3 Absolute pressure and gauge pressure
		2.3.4 Velocity and Pressure
	2.4 Flow of water
		2.4.1 Flow under gravitational force
		2.4.2 Flow under pressure
	2.5 Nomograph charts
		2.5.1 Nomograph of Manning’s formula
		2.5.2 Nomograph of Hazen-Williams formula
	2.6 Friction loss
3 Pipes and fittings
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Pipes
		3.2.1 Pipe classification
		3.2.2 Pipe sizes
	3.3 Pipes of different materials
		3.3.1 Iron pipe
		3.3.2 Steel pipe
		3.3.3 Plastic pipe
		3.3.4 Copper pipe
		3.3.5 Concrete pipe
	3.4 Fittings
		3.4.1 Uses of various fittings
		3.4.2 Fittings for special purposes
		3.4.3 Fittings of various materials
		3.4.4 Drainage fitting angle
	3.5 Storing pipes and fittings
		3.5.1 Storing pipes
		3.5.2 Storing pipe fittings
4 Piping installation and testing
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Pipe installation
	4.3 Pipe cutting
	4.4 Pipe jointing
		4.4.1 CI pipe joints
		4.4.2 Galvanized steel or iron pipe joint
		4.4.3 Copper pipe joint
		4.4.4 Plastic pipe joint
		4.4.5 Concrete pipe jointing
	4.5 Supporting pipes
		4.5.1 Supporting vertical pipes
		4.5.2 Supporting horizontal pipes
		4.5.3 Spacing of pipe supports
	4.6 Pipe sleeve
	4.7 Installing underground pipe
		4.7.1 Structural safety of underground piping
	4.8 Testing of plumbing system
		4.8.1 Testing of water supply piping system
		4.8.2 Testing of drainage and vent piping system
	4.9 Disinfecting piping
5 Pump and pumping system
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Pump
		5.2.1 Pump type
	5.3 Centrifugal pump
		5.3.1 Major components of a centrifugal pump
		5.3.2 Application of centrifugal pump
	5.4 Type of centrifugal pump
		5.4.1 Based on internal design
		5.4.2 Based on suction configuration
		5.4.3 Based on shape of impeller
		5.4.4 Based on casing design
		5.4.5 Based on motor and pump connection
		5.4.6 Based on type of flow
		5.4.7 Based on type of service or duty
		5.4.8 Based on support of pump
		5.4.9 Based on bearing support
		5.4.10 Based on staging of pump
	5.5 Pump characteristics
	5.6 Head calculation for centrifugal pumps
		5.6.1 Net positive suction head (NPSH)
		5.6.2 Factors affecting head loss
	5.7 Power
	5.8 Efficiency
	5.9 Speed
	5.10 Pump application in buildings
		5.10.1 Booster pump
		5.10.2 Circulation pump
		5.10.3 Submersible pump
		5.10.4 Sewage and sump pump
	5.11 Pump selection factors
	5.12 Pump and pipe installation
		5.12.1 Pump installation
		5.12.2 Piping arrangement
	5.13 Pump accessories
		5.13.1 Pump rotors
		5.13.2 Pump control panel
	5.14 Pump maintenance
		5.14.1 Routine maintenance
6 Plumbing accessories and appurtenances
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Plumbing accessories and appurtenances
		6.2.1 Plumbing accessories
		6.2.2 Plumbing appurtenances
	6.3 Valves
		6.3.1 Non-automatic valves
		6.3.2 Automatic valves
	6.4 On–off valves
		6.4.1 Gate valves
		6.4.2 Butterfly valves
		6.4.3 Ball valves
	6.5 Globe valves
		6.5.1 Angle globe valve
		6.5.2 Needle valve
	6.6 Flush valve
	6.7 Check valve
		6.7.1 Swing check valve
		6.7.2 Tilting-disc check valve
		6.7.3 Butterfly check valve
		6.7.4 Lift check valve
		6.7.5 Piston check valve
		6.7.6 Stop check valves
		6.7.7 Double check valve
	6.8 Float valve
	6.9 Pressure controlling valves
		6.9.1 Pressure relief valve
		6.9.2 Pressure reducing valve
		6.9.3 Pressure sustaining valve
		6.9.4 Constant flow valve
	6.10 Temperature and pressure relief valve
	6.11 Air valves
		6.11.1 Air release valve
		6.11.2 Air inlet valve
		6.11.3 Combination air valve
	6.12 Actuators
		6.12.1 Manual actuator
		6.12.2 Powered actuator
		6.12.3 Comparison between pneumatic and electric actuator
	6.13 Solenoid valves
	6.14 Installation of valves
	6.15 Cocks
		6.15.1 Straight-way cock
		6.15.2 Angle cock
		6.15.3 Drain cock
	6.16 Faucets
		6.16.1 Compression faucets
		6.16.2 Fuller faucet
		6.16.3 Mixture faucet
	6.17 Water meters
		6.17.1 Positive displacement meter
		6.17.2 Velocity meter
		6.17.3 Compound meter
		6.17.4 Outside register of meters
		6.17.5 Meter installation
	6.18 Flow meters
		6.18.1 Installation of flow meter
	6.19 Pressure gauge
		6.19.1 Bourdon tube pressure gauge
		6.19.2 Diaphragm pressure gauge
		6.19.3 Pressure gauge selection
	6.20 Shower heads
	6.21 Water hammer arrestor
	6.22 Ablution hand shower
	6.23 Water tanks
		6.23.1 RCC or masonry tank
		6.23.2 Ferro-cement tank
		6.23.3 GI tank
		6.23.4 Stainless steel tank
		6.23.5 Plastic tank
7 Water supply systems
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Water
	7.3 Water supply requirements
	7.4 Demand of water
		7.4.1 Population projection
		7.4.2 Variations in water demand
	7.5 Sources of water
		7.5.1 Surface water
		7.5.2 Groundwater
		7.5.3 Rainwater
		7.5.4 Water supply mains
	7.6 Water service pipe
	7.7 Water reservoirs
		7.7.1 Underground water reservoir
		7.7.2 Rooftop or overhead water tank
	7.8 Water supply methods
		7.8.1 Direct supply method
		7.8.2 Indirect supply method
		7.8.3 Underground-overhead tank system
		7.8.4 Pumping system
	7.9 Hydro-pneumatic tank system
		7.9.1 Hydro-pneumatic tank
		7.9.2 Air compressor
		7.9.3 Fill pump
	7.10 Booster pumping
		7.10.1 Flow boosting
		7.10.2 Pressure boosting
	7.11 Water supply pipe sizing
		7.11.1 Flow rate and probable flow rate
		7.11.2 Pressure and pressure loss
		7.11.3 Pressure for distribution piping
		7.11.4 Pressure for faucets
		7.11.5 Limitation of flow velocity
		7.11.6 Friction loss and allowable friction loss
		7.11.7 Friction loss for fittings and valves
	7.12 Water supply pipe sizing methods
		7.12.1 Empirical design method
		7.12.2 Velocity design method
		7.12.3 Pressure loss method
	7.13 Pressure management in sky scrapers
		7.13.1 Hydraulic zoning
		7.13.2 Pressure reducing valve
8 Hot water supply systems
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Hot water production
		8.1.2 Hot water temperature for personal requirements
		8.1.3 Importance of hot water supply
		8.1.4 Challenges of hot water supply
	8.2 Risk of hot water supply
		8.2.1 Scalding
		8.2.2 Legionella
		8.2.3 Explosion of heater
	8.3 Hot water supply requirements
		8.3.1 Hot water temperature for various requirements
		8.3.2 Hot water quantity requirements
		8.3.3 Hot water supply components
	8.4 Water heaters
		8.4.1 Direct fired water heaters
		8.4.2 Storage type water heaters
		8.4.3 Gas-fired water heaters
		8.4.4 Electric water heaters
		8.4.5 Oil-fired water heaters
		8.4.6 Water-jacketed tube water heaters
		8.4.7 Semi-instantaneous water heaters
		8.4.8 Tankless or instantaneous water heaters
		8.4.9 Indirect-fired water heaters
		8.4.10 Heat pumps
		8.4.11 Solar water heater
		8.4.12 Non-pressure type water heaters
		8.4.13 Pressure type water heaters
		8.4.14 Positioning water heaters
	8.5 Components and accessories of water heaters
		8.5.1 Storage tank
		8.5.2 Heat exchanger
		8.5.3 Thermostat
		8.5.4 Anode
		8.5.5 Vacuum breaker or vacuum relief valve
		8.5.6 Drain valve
	8.6 Two-temperature hot water service
		8.6.1 Heat energy requirement for heating
	8.7 Hot water distribution systems
		8.7.1 Direct or non-circulated hot water supply systems
		8.7.2 Circulated hot water supply systems
	8.8 Hot water distribution piping
		8.8.1 Branch and sub-branch pipes
		8.8.2 Feeder risers and main feeder pipes
		8.8.3 Return risers and main return pipes
	8.9 Closed-loop circulation system layout
		8.9.1 Gravitational closed-loop circulation systems
		8.9.2 Pressurized closed-loop circulation systems
	8.10 Hot water supply pumps and appurtenances
		8.10.1 Hot water pumps
		8.10.2 Circulation pump
		8.10.3 Balancing valve
	8.11 Hot water supply in skyscrapers
	8.12 Insulation of hot water supply elements
		8.12.1 Insulating tank
		8.12.2 Insulating pipe
	8.13 Pipe enlargement
	8.14 Hot water expansion
		8.14.1 The open vent pipe system
		8.14.2 Expansion vessel or tank
	8.15 Crossover
	8.16 Sizing hot water supply components
		8.16.1 Sizing water heaters
		8.16.2 Sizing expansion tank
		8.16.3 Sizing the branch supply pipes
		8.16.4 Sizing the return pipe
		8.16.5 Sizing the circulation pump
9 Plumbing fixtures and appliances
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Fixtures
		9.2.1 Basic requirement for fixtures and appliances
		9.2.2 Common fixtures and appliances
		9.2.3 Materials for fixtures
		9.2.4 Materials for faucets and accessories
		9.2.5 Finishing of metals
		9.2.6 Allocation of fixtures
	9.3 Lavatories
		9.3.1 Wall hung basin
		9.3.2 Pedestal basin
		9.3.3 Counter basins
		9.3.4 Corner basin
	9.4 Bathtubs
	9.5 Bath trays
	9.6 Kitchen sinks
		9.6.1 Service sink
	9.7 Water closets
		9.7.1 Water closets of various styles of sitting
		9.7.2 Types of integrated trap
		9.7.3 Operating principles of water closet bowls
		9.7.4 Making of water closets
		9.7.5 Water closet type based on installation
		9.7.6 Shape of water closet
		9.7.7 Water closet seats
		9.7.8 Water closet trims
		9.7.9 Installation of water closets
	9.8 Urinals
	9.9 Bidets
	9.10 Flushing devices
		9.10.1 Flush tanks
		9.10.2 Flush valves
	9.11 Drinking fountain
	9.12 Washing machines
		9.12.1 Dishwashing machine
		9.12.2 Clothes washing machine
	9.13 Emergency fixtures
	9.14 Interceptors
		9.14.1 Grease interceptor
		9.14.2 Oil interceptor
		9.14.3 Sand interceptor
		9.14.4 Hair interceptor
	9.15 Floor drains
10 Sanitary drainage systems
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Basic principles of drainage systems
	10.3 Basic requirements for drainage systems
	10.4 Categories of sanitary drainage piping
		10.4.1 Nomenclature of drainage piping
		10.4.2 Grouping of drainage piping
	10.5 Drainage system above ground
		10.5.1 Two-pipe system
		10.5.2 One-pipe system
		10.5.3 Single-stack system
	10.6 Sovent single-stack drainage system
		10.6.1 Aerator fitting
		10.6.2 De-aerator fitting
	10.7 Building drain
		10.7.1 Types of building drain
	10.8 Grading for building drains
	10.9 Offsetting of stacks
	10.10 Basement drainage system
		10.10.1 Sump pump
	10.11 Ventilation
		10.11.1 Stack ventilation
		10.11.2 Trap ventilation
		10.11.3 Location of vent stacks or stack vents terminal
		10.11.4 Grade of horizontal vents
	10.12 Sanitary drainage in skyscrapers
		10.12.1 Positive air pressure attenuator
		10.12.2 Air admittance valves
	10.13 Sizing sanitary drainage piping
		10.13.1 Sanitary drainage pipes
		10.13.2 Sanitary Drainage Fixture Unit (SDFU)
		10.13.3 Fixture drain pipe sizes
		10.13.4 Sizing horizontal branch drains
		10.13.5 Sizing drainage stacks
		10.13.6 Sizing building drain
	10.14 Sizing vent piping
		10.14.1 Sizing branch vent pipes
		10.14.2 Sizing vent stack
	10.15 Sizing sump pit and vent
		10.15.1 Sizing sump pit
		10.15.2 Sizing sump vent pipe
11 Rainwater drainage system
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Rainwater characteristics
		11.2.1 Rainwater
		11.2.2 Rainfall intensity
	11.3 Scopes of rainwater drainage
	11.4 Functional techniques of rainwater drainage
	11.5 Collecting rainwater
		11.5.1 Rainwater collection from flat surface
		11.5.2 Rainwater collection from sloped surface
	11.6 Determining catchments
		11.6.1 Catchments of flat surface
		11.6.2 Catchments of inclined surface
	11.7 Rainwater generation
	11.8 Conveying rainwater
		11.8.1 Gutter
	11.9 Roof drain inlets
		11.9.1 Positioning RDP inlets
		11.9.2 Covering RDP inlets
		11.9.3 Sump around RDP inlets
	11.10 Rainwater drain pipe
		11.10.1 Gravity roof drainage system
		11.10.2 Siphonic roof drainage system
	11.11 Discharging of rainwater down pipes
		11.11.1 Disposing on natural ground
		11.11.2 Disposing in to the building or public sewer
	11.12 Sizing rainwater drain pipes
		11.12.1 For gravitational flow
		11.12.2 For siphonic flow
12 Building sewer systems
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Building site drainage
		12.2.1 Type of building site drainage
	12.3 Building sewer systems
		12.3.1 Building sewer categories
		12.3.2 Building sewer components
		12.3.3 Draining methodology
	12.4 Building sewer piping
		12.4.1 Subsurface pipe drainage
		12.4.2 Positioning of sewers
		12.4.3 Grading for sewers
	12.5 Inspection pits and manholes
	12.6 Gravitational drainage
		12.6.1 Gravitational sanitary building sewer
		12.6.2 Gravitational storm building sewer
		12.6.3 Gravitational combined building sewer
	12.7 Surface drain
	12.8 Minimizing storm water drainage load
		12.8.1 Spreading rainwater on ground
		12.8.2 Induced recharge from storm drain appurtenances
	12.9 Sizing and placing of inspection pit or manhole
	12.10 Public sewer connections
		12.10.1 Sanitary and combined building sewer connections
		12.10.2 Building storm sewer connections
	12.11 Sizing building sewers
		12.11.1 Sizing of sanitary sewer
		12.11.2 Sizing of storm sewer
		12.11.3 Sizing of combined sewer
	12.12 Sizing surface drain
	12.13 Pumping drainage system
13 Special concerns
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Special concerns
	13.3 Noise
		13.3.1 Control of noise
	13.4 Vibration
	13.5 Contamination of water
		13.5.1 Prevention of contamination
	13.6 Air locking
	13.7 Water hammer
		13.7.1 Arresting water hammer
	13.8 Freezing of water in piping
		13.8.1 Precautionary measures against freezing of water
	13.9 Corrosion
		13.9.1 Preventing corrosion
	13.10 Explosion
	13.11 Seismic protection
		13.11.1 Seismic protection for equipment
		13.11.2 Seismic bracing for suspended pipe
		13.11.3 Seismic bracing for heavy appurtenances
	13.12 Security fixtures
Appendix
Index