Plastics Materials (Aluminium Handbooks)

Contents......Page 3
Preface to the First Edition......Page 17
Acknowledgements for the Seventh Edition......Page 19
1.1 Natural Plastics......Page 35
1.2 Parkesine and Celluloid......Page 37
1.3 1900-1930......Page 38
1.4 The Evolution of the Vinyl Plastics......Page 40
1.5 Developments since 1939......Page 41
1.6 Raw Materials for Plastics......Page 43
1.7 The Market for Plastics......Page 45
1.8 The Future for Plastics......Page 49
2.1 Introduction......Page 53
2.2 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Behaviour......Page 57
2.3 Further Consideration of Addition Polymerisation......Page 58
2.4 Condensation Polymerisation......Page 73
3.2 Linear Amorphous Polymers......Page 77
3.3 Crystalline Polymers......Page 83
3.4 Cross-Linked Structures......Page 87
3.5 Polyblends......Page 89
3.6 Summary......Page 91
4.2 Factors Affecting the Glass Transition Temperature......Page 93
4.3 Factors Affecting the Ability to Crystallise......Page 98
4.4 Factors Affecting the Crystalline Melting Point......Page 104
4.5 Some Individual Properties......Page 107
5.2 Chemical Bonds......Page 110
5.3 Polyer Solubility......Page 114
5.4 Chemical Reactivity......Page 129
5.5 Effects of Thermal, Photochemical and High-Energy Radiation......Page 130
5.6 Aging and Weathering......Page 133
5.7 Diffusion and Permeability......Page 134
5.8 Toxicity......Page 137
5.9 Fire and Plastics......Page 138
6.2 Dielelectric Constant, Power Factor and Structure......Page 144
6.3 Some Quantitative Relationships of Dielectrics......Page 151
6.4 Electronic Applications of Polymers......Page 153
6.6 Optical Properties......Page 154
Appendix - Electrical Testing......Page 156
7.1 Introduction......Page 158
7.2 Fillers......Page 160
7.3 Plasticisers and Softeners......Page 165
7.4 Lubricants and Flow Promoters......Page 166
7.5 Anti-Aging Additives......Page 168
7.6 Flame Retarders......Page 179
7.7 Colorants......Page 183
7.8 Blowing Agents......Page 184
7.9 Cross-Linking Agents......Page 187
7.10 Photodegradants......Page 188
7.11 2-Oxazolines......Page 189
8.1 Introduction......Page 192
8.2 Melt Processing of Thermoplastics......Page 193
8.3 Melt Processing of Thermosetting Plastics......Page 210
8.4 Processing in the Rubbery State......Page 213
8.5 Solution, Suspension and Casting Processes......Page 215
8.6 Summary......Page 216
9.2 Rigidity of Plastics Materials......Page 218
9.3 Toughness......Page 224
9.4 Stress-Strain-Time Behaviour......Page 229
9.5 Recovery from Deformation......Page 235
9.6 Distortion, Voids and Frozen-in Stress......Page 236
9.7 Conclusions......Page 238
10.1 Introduction......Page 239
10.2 Preparation of Monomer......Page 241
10.3 Polymerisation......Page 242
10.4 Structure and Properties of Polyethylene......Page 246
10.5 Properties of Polythylene......Page 251
10.6 Additives......Page 262
10.7 Processing......Page 266
10.8 Polyethylenes of Low and High Molecular Weight......Page 272
10.9 Cross-Linked Polyethylene......Page 273
10.10 Chlorinated Polyethylene......Page 274
10.11 Applications......Page 275
11.1 Polypropylene......Page 281
11.2 Polybut-1-ene......Page 302
11.3 Polyisobutylene......Page 303
11.4 Poly-(4-Methylpent-1-ene)......Page 304
11.5 Other Aliphatic Olefin Homopolymers......Page 307
11.6 Copolymers Containing Ethylene......Page 309
11.7 Diene Rubbers......Page 314
11.8 Thermoplastic Diene Rubbers......Page 330
11.9 Aliphatic Olefin Rubbers......Page 333
11.10 Rubbery Cyclo-Olefin (Cyclo-Alkene) Polymers......Page 338
11.11 1, 2-Polybutadiene......Page 341
11.12 Ethylene-Styrene Copolymers......Page 342
11.13 Other Elastomers......Page 343
12.1 Introduction......Page 345
12.2 Preparation of Vinyl Chloride......Page 347
12.3 Polymerisation......Page 349
12.4 Structure of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)......Page 351
12.5 Compounding Ingredients......Page 359
12.6 Properties of PVC Compounds......Page 379
12.7 Processing......Page 380
12.8 Applications......Page 389
12.9 Miscellaneous Products......Page 393
13.1 Introduction......Page 397
13.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene......Page 398
13.3 Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers......Page 407
13.5 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers (PCTFE) and Copolymers with Ethylene (ECTFE)......Page 408
13.7 Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)......Page 410
13.8 Other Plastics Materials Containing Tetrafluoroethylene......Page 411
13.10 Fluorine-Containing Rubbers......Page 413
13.11 Thermoplastic Fluoroelastomers......Page 417
13.12 Miscellaneous Fluoropolymers......Page 418
14.2 Poly (Vinyl Acetate)......Page 420
14.3 Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)......Page 423
14.4 The Poly (Vinyl Acetals)......Page 425
14.5 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers......Page 428
14.6 Poly (Vinyl Cinnamate)......Page 429
14.7 Other Organic Vinyl Ester Polymers......Page 431
15.1 Introduction......Page 432
15.2 Poly (methyl Methacrylate)......Page 434
15.3 Methyl Methacrylate Polymers with Enhanced Impact Resistance and Softening Point......Page 447
15.4 Nitrile Resins......Page 449
15.5 Acrylate Rubbers......Page 451
15.6 Thermosetting Acrylic Polymers......Page 452
15.7 Acrylic Adhesives......Page 453
15.9 Poly (Mehacrylimide)......Page 454
15.10 Miscellaneous Methacrylate and Chloroacrylate Polymers and Copolymers......Page 455
15.11 Other Acrylic Polymers......Page 457
16.1 Introduction......Page 459
16.2 Preparation of the Monomer......Page 460
16.3 Polymerisation......Page 463
16.4 Properties and Structure of Polystyrene......Page 467
16.5 General Properties......Page 468
16.6 High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) (Toughened Polystryenes (TPS))......Page 471
16.8 ABS Plastic......Page 475
16.9 Miscellaeous Rubber-Modified Styrene-Acrylonitrile and Related Copolymers......Page 482
16.11 Butadiene-Stryene Block Copolymers......Page 484
16.12 Miscellaneous Polymers and Copolymers......Page 486
16.13 Stereoregular Polystyrene......Page 488
16.14 Processing of Polysyrene......Page 489
16.15 Expanded Polystyrene......Page 491
16.16 Oriented Polystyrene......Page 495
16.17 Applications......Page 496
17.2 Vinylidene Chloride Polymers and Copolymers......Page 500
17.3 Coumarone-Indene Resins......Page 505
17.4 Poly (Vinyl Carbazole)......Page 506
17.5 Poly (Vinyl Pyrrolidone)......Page 508
17.6 Poly (Vinyl Ethers)......Page 509
17.7 Other Vinyl Polymers......Page 510
18.1 Polyamides: Introduction......Page 512
18.2 Intermediates for Aliphatic Polyamides......Page 514
18.3 Polymerisation of Aliphatic Polyamides......Page 520
18.4 Structure and Properties of Aliphatic Polyamides......Page 521
18.5 General Properties of the Nylons......Page 524
18.6 Additives......Page 530
18.7 Glass-Filled Nylons......Page 532
18.8 Processing of the Nylons......Page 534
18.9 Applications......Page 536
18.10 Polyamides of Enhanced Solubility......Page 539
18.11 Other Aliphatic Polyamides......Page 541
18.12 Aromatic Polyamides......Page 543
18.13 Polyimides......Page 550
18.14 Modified Polyimides......Page 555
18.15 Elastomeric Polyamides......Page 560
18.16 Polyesteramides......Page 562
19.1 Introduction......Page 565
19.2 Preparation of Formaldehyde......Page 566
19.3 Acetal Resins......Page 567
19.5 Polyethers from Glycols and Alkylene Oxides......Page 580
19.6 Oxetane Polymers......Page 583
19.7 Polysulphides......Page 585
20.1 Introduction......Page 590
20.2 Production of Intermediates......Page 591
20.3 Polymer Preparation......Page 592
20.4 Relation of Structure and Properies......Page 595
20.5 General Properties......Page 601
20.6 Processing Characteristics......Page 607
20.7 Applications of Bis-Phenol A Polycarbonates......Page 609
20.8 Alloys Based on Bis-Phenol A Polycarbonates......Page 612
20.9 Polyester Carbonates and Block Copolymers......Page 613
20.10 Miscellaneous Carbonic Ester Polymers......Page 614
21.2 Polyphenylenes......Page 618
22.5 Alkyl Substituted Poly (Phenylene Oxides) Including PPO......Page 620
21.6 Polyphenylene Sulphides......Page 627
21.7 Polysulphones......Page 630
21.8 Polyarylether Ketones......Page 636
21.10 Linear Aromatic Polyesters......Page 641
21.11 Polyhydantoin Resins......Page 643
21.12 Poly(Parabanic Acids)......Page 644
21.13 Summary......Page 645
22.1 Nature and Occurence of Cellulose......Page 647
22.2 Cellulose Esters......Page 650
22.3 Cellulose Ethers......Page 663
22.4 Regnerated Cellulose......Page 666
22.5 Vulcanised Fibre......Page 668
23.2 Raw Materials......Page 669
23.3 Chemical Aspects......Page 673
23.4 Resin Manufacture......Page 677
23.5 Moulding Powders......Page 679
23.6 Phenolic Laminates......Page 688
23.7 Miscellaneous Applications......Page 693
23.9 Friedel-Crafts and Related Polymers......Page 696
23.11 Polybenzoxazines......Page 700
24.1 Introduction......Page 702
24.2 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins......Page 703
24.4 Melamine-Phenolic Resins......Page 723
24.5 Aniline-Formaldehyde Resins......Page 724
24.6 Resins Containing Thiourea......Page 725
25.1 Introduction......Page 728
25.2 Unsaturated Polyester Laminting Resins......Page 730
25.3 Polyester Moulding Compositions......Page 743
25.4 Fibre-Forming and Film-Forming Polyesters......Page 747
25.5 Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Moulding Materials......Page 754
25.6 Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)......Page 758
25.8 Poly1(1,4-Cyclohexylenedimethyleneterephthalate) (PCT)......Page 762
25.9 Highly Aromatic Linear Polyesters......Page 764
25.10 Polyester Thermoplastic Elastomers......Page 771
25.11 Poly(Pivalolactone)......Page 773
25.13 Surface Coatings, Plasticisers and Rubbers......Page 774
26.1 Introduction......Page 778
26.2 Preparation of Resins from Bis-Phenol A......Page 779
26.3 Curing of Glycidyl Ether Resins......Page 785
26.4 Miscellaneous Epoxide Resins......Page 795
26.5 Diluents, Flexibilisers and Other Additives......Page 802
26.7 Applications......Page 806
27.1 Introduction......Page 812
27.2 Isocyanates......Page 813
27.3 Fibres and Crystalline Moulding Compounds......Page 816
27.4 Rubbers......Page 818
27.5 Flexible Foams......Page 825
27.6 Rigid and Semi-Rigid Foams......Page 834
27.8 Polyisocyanurates......Page 839
27.9 Polycarbodi-Imide Resins......Page 841
27.11 Miscellaneous Isocynate-Based Materials......Page 842
28.2 Preparation of Intermediates......Page 844
28.3 Resinification......Page 845
28.5 Applications......Page 846
29.1 Introduction......Page 848
29.2 Preparation of Intermediates......Page 851
29.3 General Methods of Preparation and Properties of Silicones......Page 855
29.4 Silicone Fluids......Page 857
29.5 Silcone Resins......Page 862
29.6 Silicone Rubbers......Page 866
29.7 Polymers for Use at High Termpatures......Page 875
30.2 Casein......Page 887
30.4 Derivatives of Natural Rubber......Page 894
30.5 Gutta Percha and Related Materials......Page 899
30.6 Shellac......Page 901
30.7 Amber......Page 904
30.8 Bituminous Plastics......Page 905
31.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers......Page 908
31.3 Degradable Plastics......Page 914
31.4 Intrinsically Electrically Conducting Polymers (ICPs)......Page 920
32.1 Introduction......Page 924
32.3 Economic Factors Affecting Material Choice......Page 925
32.4 Material Data Sources......Page 926
32.6 A Simple Pathway-Based Non-Computer Selection System......Page 929
Appendix......Page 932
Index......Page 933