Plastics Handbook: The Resource for Plastics Engineers

Cover
Half Title
Plastics Handbook: The Resource for Plastics Engineers
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. Common Acronyms in Plastics Technology
	1.1 Table I: Alphabetical List of Plastics Acronyms, Chemical Notation
	1.2 Table II: Common Units, ISO- and US-Units
2. Introduction
	2.1 Economic Significance of Plastics
	2.2 Classification of Plastics
	2.3 Composition of Plastics
		2.3.1 Chemical Structure (Constitution and Configuration  of Macromolecules
		2.3.2 Morphological Structure (Conformation and Aggregation  of Macromolecules
	2.4 Effects of Processing on Material  Properties
		2.4.1 Residual Stress
		2.4.2 Molecular Orientation
		2.4.3 Crystallization Behavior
	2.5 Modifications of Plastic Materials
		2.5.1 Copolymers and Polymer Blends
		2.5.2 Plastic Composites
3. Material Properties and Testing Methods
	3.1 Significance of Characteristic Values
	3.2 Processing Characteristics
		3.2.1 Rheological Behavior
		3.2.2 Solidification Behavior
	3.3 Mechanical Properties
		3.3.1 Short-Term Behavior
		3.3.2 Impact Behavior
		3.3.3 Static Long-Term Behavior
		3.3.4 Dynamic Long-Term Behavior
		3.3.5 Moduli and Poisson’s Ratio
		3.3.6 Density
	3.4 Thermal Properties
		3.4.1 Permissible Service Temperatures
		3.4.2 Specific Heat Capacity, Specific Enthalpy, Heat Value
		3.4.3 Thermal Conductivity
		3.4.4 Thermal Effusivity
		3.4.5 Thermal Diffusivity
		3.4.6 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
	3.5 Electrical Properties
		3.5.1 Electrical Insulation Properties
		3.5.2 Dielectric Properties
		3.5.3 Dielectric Behavior
		3.5.4 Electrostatic Behavior
		3.5.5 Conductive Plastics
	3.6 Optical Behavior
		3.6.1 Transparency
		3.6.2 Gloss, Reflection, and Haze
		3.6.3 Color
		3.6.4 Index of Refraction, Birefringence
		3.6.5 Surface Texture
	3.7 Resistance to Environmental Influences
		3.7.1 Water, Moisture
		3.7.2 Chemical Resistance
		3.7.3 Stress Cracking Resistance
		3.7.4 Weathering
		3.7.5 High-Energy Radiation
		3.7.6 Resistance to Organisms
		3.7.7 Migration and Permeation
		3.7.8 Fire Behavior
	3.8 Friction and Wear Behavior
		3.8.1 Friction
		3.8.2 Wear
		3.8.3 Specimens and Testing Systems
		3.8.4 Tribological Properties of Thermoplastics
	3.9 Analytical Evaluations
		3.9.1 Infrared (IR)- and Raman Spectroscopy
		3.9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
		3.9.3 Dynamic-Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMA)
		3.9.4 Dielectric Spectroscopy (DEA)
		3.9.5 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Calorimetry  (DSC)
		3.9.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		3.9.7 Dilatometry, Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA),  Specific  Volume (pvT)
		3.9.8 Thermal Conductivity
		3.9.9 Solution Viscosimetry
		3.9.10 Chromatography
	References
4. Plastic Processing Technologies
	4.1 Compounding
		4.1.1 Mixing Processes
		4.1.2 Pelletizers
		4.1.3 Mills, Granulators, or Pulverizers
		4.1.4 Dryers
		4.1.5 Compounding of Thermosetting Materials
		4.1.6 Compounding of Recycled Materials
	4.2 Extrusion
		4.2.1 Extruder Concepts
		4.2.2 Auxiliary Devices for Extruders
		4.2.3 Extrusion Dies and Subsequent Devices
		4.2.4 Calendered Films
		4.2.5 Extrusion Blow Molding of Hollow Parts with  Variable  Cross Sections
	4.3 Injection Molding
		4.3.1 The Injection Molding Process
		4.3.2 Design of Injection Molding Machines
		4.3.3 Injection Molding – General Information
		4.3.4 Cleaning of Screws and Barrels
		4.3.5 Special Injection Molding Processes
		4.3.6 Injection Blow Molding
	4.4 Molds
		4.4.1 General Introduction to Mold Design
		4.4.2 Injection Molds and Sprue Types
		4.4.3 Mold Standards
	4.5 Foaming
		4.5.1 Principles of Foaming
		4.5.2 Manufacturing of Particle Foam
		4.5.3 In-Mold Skinning
	4.6 Casting
	4.7 Polyurethane (PUR) Processing  Technology
		4.7.1 General Principles
		4.7.2 Manufacturing Steps
	4.8 Manufacturing of Fiber-Reinforced  Plastics
		4.8.1 Short-Fiber Reinforced Composites
		4.8.2 Long-Fiber Reinforced Composites
		4.8.3 Low Volume Liquid Composite Molding
		4.8.4 High Volume Liquid Composite Molding
		4.8.5 Filament Winding
		4.8.6 Pultrusion
		4.8.7 Prepreg Layup
	4.9 Compression Molding
		4.9.1 Laminating
		4.9.2 Extrusion Molding
		4.9.3 Transfer Molding
	4.10 Additive Manufacturing
		4.10.1 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)
		4.10.2 Material Extrusion (ME)
		4.10.3 Vat Photo-Polymerization (VP)
		4.10.4 Material Jetting (MJ)
		4.10.5 Binder Jetting
		4.10.6 Sheet Lamination
		4.10.7 Rapid Tooling (RT)
	4.11 Secondary Shaping
		4.11.1 Bending
		4.11.2 Mechanical Forming
		4.11.3 Pressure Forming
	4.12 Plastic Joining
		4.12.1 Plastic Welding
		4.12.2 Adhesive Joining of Plastics
		4.12.3 Screws, Rivets, Snap-Fits
	4.13 Surface Treatments
		4.13.1 Pre-Treatment of Surfaces
		4.13.2 Polishing
		4.13.3 Coating
		4.13.4 Printing, Labeling, Decorating
		4.13.5 Embossing, Hot-Embossing/Stamping
		4.13.6 Flock-Coating/Flocking
		4.13.7 Metallization of Film
		4.13.8 Metallization of Molded Components
		4.13.9 SiOx-Coating of Films
		4.13.10 Rubbing
		4.13.11 Fluorination, Gas-Phase Fluorination
		4.13.12 Plasma Polymerization/Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
		4.13.13 Thermal Spraying
	4.14 Other Treatment Processes
		4.14.1 Machining
		4.14.2 Cutting, Machining
		4.14.3 Radiation Crosslinking
		4.14.4 Heat Treatment
		4.14.5 Elimination of Electrostatic Charges
	4.15 Recycling
	References
5. Plastic Materials
	5.1 General Remarks
	5.2 Polyolefins (PO), Polyolefin Derivatives  and Copolymers
		5.2.1 Polyethylene Standard Homo- and Copolymers  (PE-LD, PE-HD, PE-HD-HMW, PE-HD-UHMW, and PE-LLD)
		5.2.2 Polyethylene Derivatives (PE-X)
		5.2.3 Chlorinated and Chloro-Sulfonated PE (PE-C, CSM)
		5.2.4 Ethylene Copolymers (PE-ULD, EVAC, EVAL, EEA, EB, EBA,  EMA, EAA, E/P, EIM, COC, ECB, ETFE)
		5.2.5 Polypropylene Homopolymers (PP, PP-H)
		5.2.6 Polypropylene Copolymers and Derivatives, Blends  (PP-C, PP-B, EPDM, PP+EPDM)
		5.2.7 Polypropylene, Special Grades
		5.2.8 Polybutene (PB, PIB)
		5.2.9 Higher Poly-(a-Olefins) (PMP, PDCPD)
	5.3 Styrene Polymers
		5.3.1 Polystyrene, Homopolymers (PS, PMS)
		5.3.2 Polystyrene, Copolymers, Blends
		5.3.3 Polystyrene Foams (PS-E, XPS)
	5.4 Vinyl Polymers
		5.4.1 Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Homopolymers (PVC-U)
		5.4.2 Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-P)
		5.4.3 Polyvinyl Chloride: Copolymers and Blends
		5.4.4 Polyvinyl Chloride: Pastes, Plastisols, Organosol, Foams
		5.4.5 Vinyl Polymers, Other Homo- and Copolymers  (PVDC, PVAC, PVAL, PVME, PVFM, PVB, PVK, PVP)
	5.5 Fluoro Polymers
		5.5.1 Fluoro Homopolymers (PTFE, PVDF, PVF, PCTFE)
		5.5.2 Fluoro-Copolymers and Elastomers (ECTFE, ETFE, FEP, TFEP, PFA,  AF, PTFEAF, TFEHFPVDF (THV, TFB), [FKM, FPM, FFKM])
	5.6 Polyacrylic- and Methacrylic Polymers
		5.6.1 Polyacrylates, Homo- and Copolymers (PAA, PAN, PMA, PBA)
		5.6.2 Polymethacrylates, Homo- and Copolymers  (PMMA, AMMA, MABS, MBS)
		5.6.3 Polymethacrylates, Modifications and Blends  (PMMI, PMMA-HI, MMA-EML Copolymers, PMMA+ABS)
	5.7 Polyoxymethylenes (Polyacetal, Polyformaldehyde  (POM)
		5.7.1 Polyoxymethylene Homo- and Copolymers (POM-H, POM-C)
		5.7.2 Polyoxymethylene, Modifications and Blends (POM+TPU)
	5.8 Polyamides (PA)
		5.8.1 Polyamides, Homopolymers (AB and AA/BB Polymers);  (PA 6, 11, 12, 46, 66, 69, 610, 612 (PA 7, 8, 9, 1313, 613))
		5.8.2 Modifications
		5.8.3 Copolyamides
		5.8.4 Cast Polyamides (PA6-C, PA12-C)
		5.8.5 Polyamides for Reaction Injection Molding (PA-RIM)
		5.8.6 Aromatic Polyamides, Aramids
	5.9 Aromatic (Saturated) Polyesters
		5.9.1 Polycarbonates (PC)
		5.9.2 Polyesters of Terephthalic Acid, Block Copolymers
		5.9.3 Polyesters of Aromatic Diols and Carboxylic Acids (PAR, PBN, PEN)
	5.10 Aromatic Polysulfides and Polysulfones  (PPS, PSU, PES, PPSU)
		5.10.1 Polyphenylene Sulfides (PPS)
		5.10.2 Polyaryl Ether Sulfones (PAES, PSU, PSU+ABS, PES, PPSU)
	5.11 Aromatic Polyethers, Polyphenylene  Ethers, and Blends (PPE)
	5.12 Aliphatic Polyesters (Polyglycols)  (PEOX, PPOX, PTHF)
	5.13 Poly(aryl)ether Ketones (Aromatic  Polyether  Ketones) (PAEK; PEK; PEEK;  PEKEEK; PEKK)
	5.14 Aromatic Polyimides (PI)
		5.14.1 Thermosetting Polyimides (PI, PBMI, PBI, PBO, and Others)
		5.14.2 Thermoplastic Polyimides  (PAI, PEI, PISO, PMI, PMMI, PESI, PARI)
	5.15 Self-Reinforcing Liquid Crystalline  Polymers  (LCP)
		5.15.1 Chemical Constitution
		5.15.2 Processing
		5.15.3 Properties
		5.15.4 Applications
	5.16 Ladder Polymers: Two-Dimensional  Polyaromates  and -Heterocyclenes
	5.17 Polyurethanes (PUR)
		5.17.1 Fundamentals
		5.17.2 Raw Materials and Additives
		5.17.3 PUR Polymers
	5.18 Biopolymers and Derivatives
		5.18.1 Cellulose- and Starch-Derivatives;  CA, CTA, CP, CAP, CAB, CN, EC, MC, CMC, CH, VF, PSAC
		5.18.2 Polyhydroxy Fatty Acids/Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
		5.18.3 Casein Polymers, Casein Formaldehyde, Artificial Horn (CS, CSF)
		5.18.4 Polylactides, Polylactic Acids (PLA)
		5.18.5 Electrically Conductive/Luminescent Polymers
		5.18.6 Aliphatic Polyketones (PK)
	5.19 Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)
		5.19.1 Physical Constitution
		5.19.2 Chemical Constitution, Properties, Applications
	5.20 Thermosets, Curable Resins, Formaldehyde  Molding Resins (PF, RF, CF, XF,  FF, MF, UF, MUF, MUPF), Other Resins  (UP, VE (
		5.20.1 Chemical Constitution
		5.20.2 Processing, Forms of Delivery
		5.20.3 Properties
		5.20.4 Applications
	5.21 Curable Casting and Laminating Resins
		5.21.1 Phenoplastics (PF, CF, RF, XF)
		5.21.2 Aminoplastics (UF, MF)
		5.21.3 Furan Resins (FF)
		5.21.4 Unsaturated Polyester Resins (UP)
		5.21.5 Vinyl Ester Resins (VE); Phenacrylate Resins
		5.21.6 Epoxy Resins (EP)
		5.21.7 Dicyclopentadiene Resins (DCPD)
		5.21.8 Diallyl Phthalate Resins (PDAP)
		5.21.9 Hydrocarbon Resins (HCR)
	5.22 Elastomers
		5.22.1 General Description
		5.22.2 General Properties
		5.22.3 R-Elastomers  (NR, IR, BR, CR, SBR, NBR, NCR, IIR, PNR, SIR, TOR, HNBR)
		5.22.4 M-Elastomers (EPM, EPDM, AECM, EAM, CSM, CM, ACM, ABR,  ANM, FKM, FPM, FFKM)
		5.22.5 O-Elastomers (CO, ECO, ETER, PO)
		5.22.6 Q-(Silicone) Elastomers (MQ, MPQ, VMQ, PVMQ, MFQ, FVMQ)
		5.22.7 T-Elastomers (TM, ET, TCF)
		5.22.8 U-Elastomers (AFMU, EU, AU)
		5.22.9 Polyphosphazenes (PNF, FZ, PZ)
		5.22.10 Other Rubbers
6. Additives, Fillers, and Fibers
	6.1 Additives
		6.1.1 Slip and Anti-blocking Agents, Release Agents
		6.1.2 Stabilizers
		6.1.3 Static Inhibitors, Antistatic Agents
		6.1.4 Flame Retardants
		6.1.5 Colorants
		6.1.6 Additives for Laser Labeling
		6.1.7 Impact Modifiers and Plasticizers
		6.1.8 Bonding Agents
		6.1.9 Blowing Agents and Kickers
		6.1.10 Nucleating Agents
		6.1.11 Anti-bacterial Agents, Fungicides
	6.2 Fillers
		6.2.1 Inorganic Fillers
		6.2.2 Nano-Fillers
	6.3 Fibers
		6.3.1 Reinforcing Fibers
		6.3.2 Fibers, Yarns, Bristles, Tapes
7. Material Properties
	7.1 Processing Characteristics and  Tolerances
	7.2 Overview of Mechanical, Thermal,  and General Electrical Properties
	7.3 Electrical Characteristics
	7.4 Optical Characteristics
	7.5 Resistance to Environmental Influences
		7.5.1 Water, Humidity
		7.5.2 Chemical Resistance
		7.5.3 Stress Cracking Resistance
		7.5.4 Environmental Influences
		7.5.5 Migration and Permeation
		7.5.6 Flammability of Plastic Materials
	7.6 Friction and Wear Behavior
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