Plant viruses

Cover
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Variation in Symptoms and Strains
	1.2 Antigenicity of Viruses
	1.3 Virus Purification
	1.4 Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction Studies of Viruses
	1.5 Viral RNAs and Protein
	1.6 Differential and Density Gradient Centrifugation
	1.7 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
	1.8 Serology
	1.9 Viral RNAs
	1.10 Molecular Techniques
	1.11 Certain Functions of Virus Constituents
	1.12 Plant Virus Work in India and South Asia
	1.13 Virus Definition
Chapter 2: Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of Plant Viruses
	2.1 Viral Proteins
	2.2 Nucleic Acids
Chapter 3: Structure of Viruses
	3.1 Proteins
		3.2 Structure of Viruses
		3.3 Preliminary Introduction to X-ray Diffraction Studies on Plant Viruses
		3.4 X-ray Diffraction Studies on Crystals of Biological
		3.5 Initial Steps of Structure Determination Macromolecules
		3.6 Electron Microscopy
Chapter 4: Symptoms of Plant Virus Diseases
	4.1 Plant Infection by a Virus
		4.2 Description of Symptoms
		4.3 Internal Symptoms
		4.4 Pollen, Ovule and Seed
Chapter 5: Isolation and Purification of Viruses
	5.1 Factors that Affect Virus Isolation and Purification
		5.2 Host for Virus Cultivation and Isolation
		5.3 Extraction Medium
		5.4 Extraction of Virus
		5.5 Criteria for Virus Purity, Yield and Identification
Chapter 6: Assay of Viruses
	6.1 Host Selection
		6.2 Local Lesion Assay
		6.3 Sedimentation Values
		6.4 Serological Tests
		6.5 Electron Microscopy
Chapter 7: Host Range of Plant Viruses
	7.1 Host Range
		7.2 Genetic Determinants of the Host Range of a Virus
Chapter 8: Transmission of Viruses
	8.1 Seed Transmission
		8.2 Graft and Vegetative Transmission of Viruses
		8.3 Mechanical Transmission
Chapter 9: Vector Transmission of Plant Viruses
	9.1 Fungal Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.2 Nematode Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.3 Plant Virus Transmission by Insecta
		9.4 Leafhopper Transmission
		9.5 Whitefly Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.6 Thrips Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.7 Mealybug Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.8 Bugs Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.9 Beetle Transmission of Plant Viruses
		9.10 Mite Transmission of Plant Viruses
Chapter 10:  Virus Entry and Replication in Plants
	10.1 Introduction of Virus into Host Cells
		10.2 Virus Replication
		10.3 Regulation of Gene Expression in Initiation, Elongation, Translation and Termination of Viral Nucleic Acid
		10.4 TMV Replication
		10.5 PVX Replication
		10.6 Replication of Potyviruses
		10.7 Replication of Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV)
		10.8 Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV)
		10.9 Replication of TYMV
		10.10 Replication in Bipartite ssRNA Viruses
		10.11 Umbraviruses
		10.12 Replication in Nepoviruses
		10.13 Brome Mosaic Virus
		10.14 CMV Replication
		10.15 AMV Replication
		10.16 Replication of (–) ve Sense ssRNA Viruses
		10.17 Tospoviruses Replication
		10.18 dsRNA Phytoreoviruses Replication
		10.19 Replication of Caulimoviridae, the Reverse Transcribing Viruses
		10.20 ssDNA Viruses Replication
		10.21 Nanovirus Replication
		10.22 Comparison of Replication Modes in Geminiviruses, Nanoviruses and Others
		10.23 Summary of Differences in Virus Replication
		10.24 Replication of sgRNAs
Chapter 11: Movement of Viruses in Plants
	11.1 Plasmodesmata
		11.2 Virus Movement Across Cells
		11.3 Triple Gene Block
		11.4 Double Gene Block
		11.5 Quintiple Gene Block
		11.6 Use of Pseudorecombinants and Chimeric Viruses in Cell–Cell Movement Study
		11.7 Viroids
		11.8 Rate of Movement
Chapter 12: Disease Induction in Virus Infected Plants
	12.1 Host Reactions
		12.2 Virus Replication in the First Infected Cell
		12.3 Virus Movement Out of the First Infected Cell
		12.4 Spread of Virus Through Various Barriers
		12.5 Severity of Symptoms
		12.6 Inherant Host Response in Disease Induction
		12.7 RNA Silencing Suppressor (RSS) Activity or Suppression of Gene Silencing
Chapter 13: Physiology of Virus Infected Plants
	13.1 Photosynthesis
		13.2 Photorespiration
		13.3 Respiration
		13.4 Phosphorous Containing Compounds
		13.5 Carbohydrate Metabolism
		13.6 Organic Acids
		13.7 Nitrogen Metabolism
		13.8 Enzymes
		13.9 Proteins
		13.10 Necrotic Local Lesions (NLL)
		13.11 Nucleic Acid Metabolism
		13.12 Lipids
		13.13 Pigments
		13.14 Chlorophyllase
		13.15 Transpiration
		13.16 Secondary Metabolism
		13.17 Plant Growth Regulators
Chapter 14: Environmental Effects on Virus Disease Development
	14.1 Soil Moisture and Temperature
		14.2 Air Temperature
		14.3 Wind Effects
		14.4 Light
		14.5 Fertilizers
Chapter 15: Variations in Viruses
	15.1 Quasi-species
		15.2 Strain
		15.3 Artificial Mutants
		15.4 Structural Criteria to Distinguish Strains
		15.5 DNA
		15.6 Coat Protein
		15.7 Vector Transmission
		15.8 Morphology of the Virus Particle
		15.9 Constraints in Virus Variability
Chapter 16: Subviral Agents
	16.1 Viroids
		16.2 Functions of the Viroid Domains
		16.3 Satellite RNAs
		16.4 Satellite DNAs
		16.5 Satellite Viruses
		16.6 Defective Interfering Nucleic Acids (DI)
Chapter 17: Interactions
	17.1 Interactions between Strains of a Virus
		17.2 Interactions between Unrelated Viruses
		17.3 Synergism Involving Partial Dependence
		17.4 Complete Synergism
		17.5 Synergism Involving Systemic Movement of Restricted Virus
		17.6 Synergism Implications
		17.7 Interactions between Viruses and Fungi
		17.8 Other Interactions
Chapter 18: Inactivation of Viruses
	18.1 Temperature
		18.2 Radiation
		18.3 Photoreactivation
		18.4 Dyes
		18.5 Ultrasonic Vibration
		18.6 Desiccation
		18.7 High Pressure
		18.8 Ageing
		18.9 pH
		18.10 Inorganic Compounds
		18.11 Organic Compounds
		18.12 Analogues of Purines and Pyrimidines
		18.13 Antibiotics
		18.14 Antisera
		18.15 Enzymes
		18.16 Inhibitors from Higher Plants
		18.17 Summary of Inactivation Processes
Chapter 19: Detection and Diagnosis of Plant Viruses
	19.1 Production of Antibodies for a Virus
		19.2 Definitions
		19.3 Antibodies Against Vector Transmitted Viruses
		19.4 Monoclonal Antibodies, MAbs
		19.5 Single Chain Antibodies and Use of Bacteriophage
		19.6 Serological Methods
		19.7 ELISA
		19.8 Serologically Specific Electron Microscopy
		19.9 Neutralization of Infectivity
		19.10 Electrophoresis of Viral Proteins
		19.11 Electroblot Immunoassay (EBIA)
		19.12 Some Recent Novel Techniques
		19.13 Some Significant Uses of Serology
Chapter 20: Resistance to Plant Viruses
	20.1 Definitions
		20.2 Resistant Genes
		20.3 Durable Resistance
		20.4 Inhibition of Systemic Movement of Viruses in Their Hosts
		20.5 Plant Protein Inhibitors
		20.6 Sources of Resistance and Their Nature
		20.7 Sources of Resistant Genotypes
		20.8 Transgenic Resistance
		20.9 Nucleic Acid Based Resistance
		20.10 Antisense RNA Expression
		20.11 Satellite RNA (sRNA) Mediated Resistance
		20.12 Defective Interfering (DI) Nucleic Acid Mediated Resistance
		20.13 Plantibodies
		20.14 Expression of Oligonucleotides
		20.15 Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs)
		20.16 Field Use of Transgenics
		20.17 Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS)
		20.18 Cross Protection
		20.19 Summarization
Chapter 21: Ecology of Plant Viruses
	21.1 Biological Factors
		21.2 Vector Traps
		21.3 Estimation of Spread of Plant Viruses in a Crop
		21.4 Soil-Borne Viruses
		21.5 Seed Transmission
		21.6 Long Distance Dispersal
		21.7 Cultural Practices
		21.8 New Crops
		21.9 Physical Factors
		21.10 Survival of the Virus
Chapter 22: Epidemiology of Plant Virus Diseases
	22.1 Economic Threshold for a Virus Disease
		22.2 Causal Factors of Epidemics
		22.3 Infection and Disease Cycles
		22.4 Agricultural Practices Favoring Spread of Virus Diseases
		22.5 Assessment of a Plant Virus Disease in a Crop
		22.6 Survey
		22.7 Concepts Used in Assessing Disease
		22.8 Disease Development and Progress
		22.9 Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Disease Progress
		22.10 Analysis and Interpretations of Virus/Disease Progress Curves
		22.11 Forecasting of Epidemics
		22.12 Models of Epidemic Forecasting
Chapter 23: Plant Virus Disease Management
	23.1 Healthy or Virus-Free Seed
		23.2 Virus-Free Vegetative Planting Material
		23.3 Cultural Practices
		23.4 Vector Movement, Avoidance or Control
		23.5 Plant Resistance to Vectors
		23.6 Soil-Borne Vectors
		23.7 Resistance to Plant Viruses
		23.8 Forecasting of Epidemics
Chapter 24: Nomenclature of Plant Viruses
	24.1 Properties of a Virus
		24.2 Species Concept for Viruses
		24.3 Virus Species Represent a Replicating Lineage
		24.4 Ecological Niche of Each Virus Species
Chapter 25: Plant Virus Taxonomy
	25.1 Virus Morphology
		25.2 Nucleic Acid Homologies
		25.3 Protein Homologies
		25.4 Serological Relations in Taxonomy
		25.5 Cytopathology
		25.6 Vector Transmission
Chapter 26: Evolution of Plant Viruses
	26.1 Virus Genome Size and Constraints
		26.2 Geological Time Scale and Evolution of Organisms
		26.3 Origin of Viruses
		26.4 Evolution of Viruses
		26.5 Coevolution with Hosts
		26.6 Coevolution of Virus-Host-Vector Relations
		26.7 Man’s Activities and Virus-Vector-Host Relations
		26.8 Mutation Rates
		26.9 Genetic Drift
		26.10 Selection
		26.11 Selection Pressure on Viral Nucleic Acids
		26.12 Complementation
		26.13 Diversity in Plant Virus Population
		26.14 Modular Evolution
		26.15 Comparison of Virus Genome Sequences
		26.16 Sources of Viral Genes
		26.17 Origins of Viruses and Satellite Viruses
		26.18 Origins of Viroids
		26.19 Origin of Satellite Viruses and RNAs
		26.20 Origin of Viruses
		26.21 Integrating Plant Viruses
Chapter 27: Emerging Plant Viruses
	27.1 Vectors Importance in Emerging Viruses
		27.2 Some Important Emerging or Re-emerging Viruses
		27.3 New Geminivirus Diseases and Evolution of the Viruses
		27.4 The Whitefly
		27.5 Prediction of Geminivirus and Vector Groups
		27.6 Other Emerging Viruses
Chapter 28: Useful Applications of Plant Viruses
	28.1 RNA Viruses
		28.2 CaMV and Other Promoters
		28.3 Plant-based Vaccines
		28.4 Post-transcriptional Modification of Therapeutic Proteins in Plants
		28.5 Acceptable Strategies to Produce Foreign Molecules in Plants
		28.6 Large Scale Production of Recombinant Protein
		Appendix 1: Methods in Plant Virology
		Appendix 2: Plant Virus Diseases: Descriptions
		Appendix 3: Plant Virus Families and Genera: Description
		Appendix 4
		Appendix 5
		Appendix 6
		Glossary
		References
		Index